scholarly journals Genetic variation analyses indicate conserved SARS‐CoV‐2‐host interaction and varied genetic adaptation in immune‐response factors in modern human evolution

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ji‐Won Lee ◽  
In‐Hee Lee ◽  
Takanori Sato ◽  
Sek Won Kong ◽  
Tadahiro Iimura
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Human Evolution ◽  
Modern Human ◽  
Genetic Adaptation ◽  
Response Factors ◽  
Host Interaction

scholarly journals Wintertime stress, nursing, and lead exposure in Neanderthal children

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (10) ◽  
pp. eaau9483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanya M. Smith ◽  
Christine Austin ◽  
Daniel R. Green ◽  
Renaud Joannes-Boyau ◽  
Shara Bailey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Human Evolution ◽  
Lead Exposure ◽  
Multidisciplinary Approach ◽  
Modern Human ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Metal Exposure ◽  
Developmental Stress ◽  
The Relationship

Scholars endeavor to understand the relationship between human evolution and climate change. This is particularly germane for Neanderthals, who survived extreme Eurasian environmental variation and glaciations, mysteriously going extinct during a cool interglacial stage. Here, we integrate weekly records of climate, tooth growth, and metal exposure in two Neanderthals and one modern human from southeastern France. The Neanderthals inhabited cooler and more seasonal periods than the modern human, evincing childhood developmental stress during wintertime. In one instance, this stress may have included skeletal mobilization of elemental stores and weight loss; this individual was born in the spring and appears to have weaned 2.5 years later. Both Neanderthals were exposed to lead at least twice during the deep winter and/or early spring. This multidisciplinary approach elucidates direct relationships between ancient environments and hominin paleobiology.

scholarly journals Potential for rapid genetic adaptation to warming in a Great Barrier Reef coral

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikhail V. Matz ◽  
Eric A. Treml ◽  
Galina V. Aglyamova ◽  
Madeleine J. H. van Oppen ◽  
Line K. Bay
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Great Barrier Reef ◽  
Coral Cover ◽  
Reef Coral ◽  
Biophysical Model ◽  
Detectable Effect ◽  
Genetic Adaptation ◽  
Barrier Reef ◽  
Biophysical Modeling ◽  
Adaptive Genetic Variation

AbstractCan genetic adaptation in reef-building corals keep pace with the current rate of sea surface warming? Here we combine population genomic, biophysical modeling, and evolutionary simulations to predict future adaptation of the common coralAcropora milleporaon the Great Barrier Reef. Loss of coral cover in recent decades did not yet have detectable effect on genetic diversity in our species. Genomic analysis of migration patterns closely matched the biophysical model of larval dispersal in favoring the spread of existing heat-tolerant alleles from lower to higher latitudes. Given these conditions we find that standing genetic variation could be sufficient to fuel rapid adaptation ofA. milleporato warming for the next 100-200 years, although random thermal anomalies would drive increasingly severe mortality episodes. However, this adaptation will inevitably cease unless the warming is slowed down, since no realistic mutation rate could replenish adaptive genetic variation fast enough.

scholarly journals Sixth European Seminar in Virology on Virus–Host Interaction at Single Cell and Organism Level

Viruses ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 400
Author(s):  
Elisa Saccon ◽  
Adriana Vitiello ◽  
Marta Trevisan ◽  
Cristiano Salata ◽  
Giorgio Palù
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Single Cell ◽  
Virus Evolution ◽  
Cell Level ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Host Interaction ◽  
Young Researchers

The 6th European Seminar in Virology (EuSeV) was held in Bertinoro, Italy, 22–24 June 2018, and brought together international scientists and young researchers working in the field of Virology. Sessions of the meeting included: virus–host-interactions at organism and cell level; virus evolution and dynamics; regulation; immunity/immune response; and disease and therapy. This report summarizes lectures by the invited speakers and highlights advances in the field.

scholarly journals The emergence of latent infection in the early evolution of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

2016 ◽  
Vol 283 (1831) ◽  
pp. 20160499 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca H. Chisholm ◽  
Mark M. Tanaka
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Natural Selection ◽  
Natural History ◽  
Latent Infection ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Safe Harbour ◽  
Active Disease

Mycobacterium tuberculosis has an unusual natural history in that the vast majority of its human hosts enter a latent state that is both non-infectious and devoid of any symptoms of disease. From the pathogen perspective, it seems counterproductive to relinquish reproductive opportunities to achieve a détente with the host immune response. However, a small fraction of latent infections reactivate to the disease state. Thus, latency has been argued to provide a safe harbour for future infections which optimizes the persistence of M. tuberculosis in human populations. Yet, if a pathogen begins interactions with humans as an active disease without latency, how could it begin to evolve latency properties without incurring an immediate reproductive disadvantage? We address this question with a mathematical model. Results suggest that the emergence of tuberculosis latency may have been enabled by a mechanism akin to cryptic genetic variation in that detrimental latency properties were hidden from natural selection until their expression became evolutionarily favoured.

The Clock-Controlled lncRNA-AK028245 Participates in the Immune Response via Immune Response Factors OTUD7B and A20

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 542-554
Author(s):  
Fang Qi ◽  
Zhou Jiang ◽  
Wang Hou ◽  
Bo Peng ◽  
Shuting Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Interferon Γ ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Response Regulators ◽  
Proinflammatory Response ◽  
Response Factors ◽  
Factor Α ◽  
Late Stages ◽  
Necrosis Factor ◽  
Immunosuppressed Mice

Emerging evidence has demonstrated that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play critical roles in the epigenetic and transcriptional regulation of mammalian circadian systems. Circadian rhythmicity regulates many aspects of our immune system, and perturbation of the circadian clock can augment the inflammatory response. However, knowledge of the precise functions of lncRNAs in the regulation of immune functions within the circadian system is relatively limited. In this study, differentially expressed lncRNAs induced by Clock knockdown were screened via mRNA/lncRNA microarray and bioinformatic prediction analysis. We identified a Clock-regulated lncRNA, AK028245, which was correlated with the activation of the immune response. The expression levels of AK028245 were decreased in the spleen of immunosuppressed mice and elevated in immune-activated mice treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Further, Clock knockdown decreased the expression of OTUD7B and A20, 2 early immune response factors acting on the NF-κB signaling pathway. Interestingly, inhibition of AK028245 increased their expression, mitigating the effects of Clock knockdown. In addition, inhibition of AK028245 downregulated the expression of tumor necrosis factor–α and interleukin-6 in the late stages of LPS stimulation and the expression of interferon-γ and Cxcl12 in the peak stages. We conclude that this newly identified lncRNA plays a role in the crosstalk between Clock and immune response regulators, likely resulting in a proinflammatory response targeting OTUD7B and A20. The lncRNA AK028245 has revealed a new mechanism of the immune response and provided new targets for the treatment of immune disorders.

scholarly journals Neanderthal-Derived Genetic Variation Shapes Modern Human Cranium and Brain

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael D. Gregory ◽  
J. Shane Kippenhan ◽  
Daniel P. Eisenberg ◽  
Philip D. Kohn ◽  
Dwight Dickinson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Modern Human

Environmental and genetic variation in T-cell-mediated immune response of fledgling American kestrels

Oecologia ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 123 (4) ◽  
pp. 453-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Tella ◽  
G. R. Bortolotti ◽  
M. G. Forero ◽  
R. D. Dawson
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
T Cell ◽  
American Kestrels ◽  
Cell Mediated Immune Response

scholarly journals Genetic variation in taste receptor pseudogenes provides evidence for a dynamic role in human evolution

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Davide Risso ◽  
Sergio Tofanelli ◽  
Gabriella Morini ◽  
Donata Luiselli ◽  
Dennis Drayna
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Human Evolution ◽  
Taste Receptor

scholarly journals A Brief Overview of the Last 10 Years of Major Late Pleistocene Discoveries in the Old World: Homo floresiensis, Neanderthal, and Denisovan

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Fernanda Neubauer
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Human Evolution ◽  
Late Pleistocene ◽  
Morphological Diversity ◽  
Genetic Data ◽  
Modern Human ◽  
Separate Species ◽  
Skeletal Morphology ◽  
Old World ◽  
Human Dna

In the last ten years, new fossil, archaeological, and genetic data have significantly altered our understanding of the peopling of the Old World in the Late Pleistocene. Scholars have long been challenged to define humanity’s place in evolution and to trace our phylogeny. Differences in the skeletal morphology of hominin fossils have often led to the naming of distinct new species, but recent genetic findings have challenged the traditional perspective by demonstrating that modern human DNA contains genes inherited from Neanderthals and Denisovans, thus questioning their status as separate species. The recent discovery of Homo floresiensis from Flores Island has also raised interesting queries about how much genetic and morphological diversity was present during the Late Pleistocene. This paper discusses the nature and implications of the evidence with respect to Homo floresiensis, Neanderthals, and Denisovans and briefly reviews major Late Pleistocene discoveries from the last ten years of research in the Old World and their significance to the study of human evolution.

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