scholarly journals Asymmetric cell division from a cell to cells: Shape, length, and location of polarity domain

2020 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 188-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sungrim Seirin‐Lee
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Asymmetric Cell Division ◽  
A Cell

scholarly journals Cytokinesis in Eukaryotic Cells: The Furrow Complexity at a Glance

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberta Fraschini
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Asymmetric Cell Division ◽  
Animal Cell ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Complex Phase ◽  
Daughter Cells ◽  
Viable Cells ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Duplication Cycle

The duplication cycle is the fascinating process that, starting from a cell, results in the formation of two daughter cells and it is essential for life. Cytokinesis is the final step of the cell cycle, it is a very complex phase, and is a concert of forces, remodeling, trafficking, and cell signaling. All of the steps of cell division must be properly coordinated with each other to faithfully segregate the genetic material and this task is fundamental for generating viable cells. Given the importance of this process, molecular pathways and proteins that are involved in cytokinesis are conserved from yeast to humans. In this review, we describe symmetric and asymmetric cell division in animal cell and in a model organism, budding yeast. In addition, we illustrate the surveillance mechanisms that ensure a proper cell division and discuss the connections with normal cell proliferation and organs development and with the occurrence of human diseases.

Multiple levels of regulation specify the polarity of an asymmetric cell division in C. elegans

Development ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 127 (21) ◽  
pp. 4587-4598 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Whangbo ◽  
J. Harris ◽  
C. Kenyon
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Wnt Signaling ◽  
Epidermal Cell ◽  
Asymmetric Cell Division ◽  
Asymmetric Cell Divisions ◽  
Signaling Systems ◽  
Tissue Polarity ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Cell Divisions ◽  
A Cell

Wnt signaling systems play important roles in the generation of cell and tissue polarity during development. We describe a Wnt signaling system that acts in a new way to orient the polarity of an epidermal cell division in C. elegans. In this system, the EGL-20/Wnt signal acts in a permissive fashion to polarize the asymmetric division of a cell called V5. EGL-20 regulates this polarization by counteracting lateral signals from neighboring cells that would otherwise reverse the polarity of the V5 cell division. Our findings indicate that this lateral signaling pathway also involves Wnt pathway components. Overexpression of EGL-20 disrupts both the asymmetry and polarity of lateral epidermal cell divisions all along the anteroposterior (A/P) body axis. Together our findings suggest that multiple, inter-related Wnt signaling systems may act together to polarize asymmetric cell divisions in this tissue.

Centromere assembly and non-random sister chromatid segregation in stem cells

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben L. Carty ◽  
Elaine M. Dunleavy
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Cell Division ◽  
Cell Fate ◽  
Sister Chromatid ◽  
Asymmetric Cell Division ◽  
Protein A ◽  
Germline Stem Cells ◽  
Sister Chromatids ◽  
Centromere Protein A ◽  
Oocyte Meiosis

Abstract Asymmetric cell division (ACD) produces daughter cells with separate distinct cell fates and is critical for the development and regulation of multicellular organisms. Epigenetic mechanisms are key players in cell fate determination. Centromeres, epigenetically specified loci defined by the presence of the histone H3-variant, centromere protein A (CENP-A), are essential for chromosome segregation at cell division. ACDs in stem cells and in oocyte meiosis have been proposed to be reliant on centromere integrity for the regulation of the non-random segregation of chromosomes. It has recently been shown that CENP-A is asymmetrically distributed between the centromeres of sister chromatids in male and female Drosophila germline stem cells (GSCs), with more CENP-A on sister chromatids to be segregated to the GSC. This imbalance in centromere strength correlates with the temporal and asymmetric assembly of the mitotic spindle and potentially orientates the cell to allow for biased sister chromatid retention in stem cells. In this essay, we discuss the recent evidence for asymmetric sister centromeres in stem cells. Thereafter, we discuss mechanistic avenues to establish this sister centromere asymmetry and how it ultimately might influence cell fate.

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