scholarly journals The role of social signals in segmenting observed actions in eighteen‐month‐old children

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Kliesch ◽  
Eugenio Parise ◽  
Vincent Reid ◽  
Stefanie Hoehl
Keyword(s):  
Social Signals

Expression Without Recognition: Contributions of the Human Amygdala to Emotional Communication

2000 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 106-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam K. Anderson ◽  
Elizabeth A. Phelps
Keyword(s):  
Social Communication ◽  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Emotional State ◽  
Social Signals ◽  
Basic Emotions ◽  
The Social ◽  
Emotional Appraisal ◽  
Facial Expressions Of Emotion

A growing body of evidence from humans and other animals suggests the amygdala may be a critical neural substrate for emotional processing. In particular, recent studies have shown that damage to the human amygdala impairs the normal appraisal of social signals of emotion, primarily those of fear. However, effective social communication depends on both the ability to receive (emotional appraisal) and the ability to send (emotional expression) signals of emotional state. Although the role of the amygdala in the appraisal of emotion is well established, its importance for the production of emotional expressions is unknown. We report a case study of a patient with bilateral amygdaloid damage who, despite a severe deficit in interpreting facial expressions of emotion including fear, exhibits an intact ability to express this and other basic emotions. This dissociation suggests that a single neural module does not support all aspects of the social communication of emotional state.

scholarly journals Asymmetric interspecific competition drives shifts in signalling traits in fan-throated lizards

2020 ◽  
Vol 287 (1940) ◽  
pp. 20202141
Author(s):  
Amod M. Zambre ◽  
Akshay Khandekar ◽  
Rajesh Sanap ◽  
Clairissa O'Brien ◽  
Emilie C. Snell-Rood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Interspecific Competition ◽  
Species Recognition ◽  
Character Displacement ◽  
Social Signals ◽  
Lizard Species ◽  
Male Aggression ◽  
Species Overlap ◽  
Asymmetric Pattern ◽  
Competitor Recognition

Interspecific competition can occur when species are unable to distinguish between conspecific and heterospecific mates or competitors when they occur in sympatry. Selection in response to interspecific competition can lead to shifts in signalling traits—a process called agonistic character displacement. In two fan-throated lizard species— Sitana laticeps and Sarada darwini —females are morphologically indistinguishable and male agonistic signalling behaviour is similar. Consequently, in areas where these species overlap, males engage in interspecific aggressive interactions. To test whether interspecific male aggression between Si. laticeps and Sa. darwini results in agonistic character displacement, we quantified species recognition and signalling behaviour using staged encounter assays with both conspecifics and heterospecifics across sympatric and allopatric populations of both species. We found an asymmetric pattern, wherein males of Si. laticeps but not Sa. darwini showed differences in competitor recognition and agonistic signalling traits (morphology and behaviour) in sympatry compared with allopatry. This asymmetric shift in traits is probably due to differences in competitive abilities between species and can minimize competitive interactions in zones of sympatry. Overall, our results support agonistic character displacement, and highlight the role of asymmetric interspecific competition in driving shifts in social signals.

scholarly journals Valuation of peers’ safe choices is associated with substance-naïveté in adolescents

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (50) ◽  
pp. 31729-31737
Author(s):  
Dongil Chung ◽  
Mark A. Orloff ◽  
Nina Lauharatanahirun ◽  
Pearl H. Chiu ◽  
Brooks King-Casas
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Quantitative Model ◽  
Social Signals ◽  
Risky Decision ◽  
Substance Exposure ◽  
Subjective Value ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Substance Exposed

Social influences on decision-making are particularly pronounced during adolescence and have both protective and detrimental effects. To evaluate how responsiveness to social signals may be linked to substance use in adolescents, we used functional neuroimaging and a gambling task in which adolescents who have and have not used substances (substance-exposed and substance-naïve, respectively) made choices alone and after observing peers’ decisions. Using quantitative model-based analyses, we identify behavioral and neural evidence that observing others’ safe choices increases the subjective value and selection of safe options for substance-naïve relative to substance-exposed adolescents. Moreover, the effects of observing others’ risky choices do not vary by substance exposure. These results provide neurobehavioral evidence for a role of positive peers (here, those who make safer choices) in guiding adolescent real-world risky decision-making.

scholarly journals Bullying Victimization in Young Females with Fragile-X-Syndrome

Genes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1069
Author(s):  
Lorena Joga-Elvira ◽  
Carlos Jacas ◽  
María-Luisa Joga ◽  
Ana Roche-Martínez ◽  
Carme Brun-Gasca
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Social Interaction ◽  
Fragile X Syndrome ◽  
Emotional State ◽  
Fragile X ◽  
Bullying Victimization ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Social Signals ◽  
Young Females

The aim of this study is to investigate the risk associated with girls with fragile X syndrome (FXS) suffering bullying in the role of a victim and its effects on their adaptive behavior, socialization style, and emotional state. A neuropsychological assessment was carried out on a sample of 40 participants (26 FXS positive and 14 control group) using the following instruments: WISC-V, SENA, BAS-2, ABAS-II. The results show that the group of girls with FXS presented higher ratios of lack of social support and isolation from classmates. This finding suggests that problems with social interaction and communication in the group of girls with FXS could lead to difficulties in interpreting social signals and identifying situations of bullying correctly, placing them in a very vulnerable situation.

scholarly journals Speech Driven Gaze in a Face-to-Face Interaction

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ülkü Arslan Aydin ◽  
Sinan Kalkan ◽  
Cengiz Acartürk
Keyword(s):  
Multimodal Communication ◽  
Gaze Direction ◽  
Social Signals ◽  
Job Interview ◽  
Communication Modality ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Social Gaze ◽  
Speech Features ◽  
High Level

Gaze and language are major pillars in multimodal communication. Gaze is a non-verbal mechanism that conveys crucial social signals in face-to-face conversation. However, compared to language, gaze has been less studied as a communication modality. The purpose of the present study is 2-fold: (i) to investigate gaze direction (i.e., aversion and face gaze) and its relation to speech in a face-to-face interaction; and (ii) to propose a computational model for multimodal communication, which predicts gaze direction using high-level speech features. Twenty-eight pairs of participants participated in data collection. The experimental setting was a mock job interview. The eye movements were recorded for both participants. The speech data were annotated by ISO 24617-2 Standard for Dialogue Act Annotation, as well as manual tags based on previous social gaze studies. A comparative analysis was conducted by Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) models that employed specific architectures, namely, VGGNet and ResNet. The results showed that the frequency and the duration of gaze differ significantly depending on the role of participant. Moreover, the ResNet models achieve higher than 70% accuracy in predicting gaze direction.

scholarly journals Search engine optimization as a tool to increase the competitiveness of pharmaceutical companies in modern conditions

E-Management ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 32-39
Author(s):  
A. Zakharenko ◽  
S. Smagulova
Keyword(s):  
Search Engine ◽  
Digital Marketing ◽  
Pharmaceutical Companies ◽  
Social Signals ◽  
Search Engine Optimization ◽  
Effective Use ◽  
Marketing Budgets ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Research Recommendations

Search engine optimization (SEO), which is currently actively used by the majority of pharmaceutical companies all over the world, is one of the most relevant digital marketing technologies. The features of the SEO in pharmaceutical companies as one of the modern tools of digital marketing have been considered in the article.Most of the companies, which operate in the natural sciences, are several years behind in development from other industries, due to the low level of SEO strategy application. As a result, the marketing budgets of pharmaceutical companies are focused on maintaining traditional classical approaches in the field of marketing. This bias in the budget arises mainly from the underestimation of the role of the SEO strategy in the organization’s activities by the majority of pharmaceutical companies. Companies should clearly understand how significant is the impact of digitalization on their activity in modern conditions. SEO is much broader than using search queries and meta tags. Due to implementing digital tools, it is possible to create “social signals” for attracting a new target audience.It has been noted in the article that search algorithms, developed by search platforms, change very often, and it is necessary to constantly monitor and improve them. Moreover, SEO is required to help people to find the content that best matches their intended goal, rather than to misinform them by showing inappropriate pages with matched search keywords in search results.Competition among the largest companies is constantly increasing in the global pharmaceutical market, and the use of digital marketing tools, such as SEO, will allow companies to change radically the situation. As a result of the research, recommendations for the effective use of SEO as one of the digital marketing tools in the business of pharmaceutical companies have been proposed. Finally, the conclusions about the increasing the role of digital marketing in modern conditions have been made.

scholarly journals The role of social signals in segmenting observed actions in eighteen-month-old children

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Kliesch ◽  
Eugenio Parise ◽  
Vincent. M. Reid ◽  
Stefanie Hoehl
Keyword(s):  
Action Learning ◽  
Social Signals ◽  
Children’S Learning ◽  
Action Units ◽  
Action Imitation ◽  
Action Sequences ◽  
Communicative Signals ◽  
Children's Learning

Learning about actions requires children to identify the boundaries of an action and its units. Whereas some action units are easily identified, parents can support children’s action learning by adjusting the presentation and using social signals. However, currently little is understood regarding how children use these signals to learn actions.In the current study we investigate the possibility that communicative signals are a particularly suitable cue for segmenting events. We investigated this hypothesis by presenting 18-month-old children (N=60) with short action sequences consisting of toy animals either hopping or sliding across a board into a house, but interrupting this two-step sequence either(a) using an ostensive signals as a segmentation cue, (b) using a non-ostensive segmentation cue, and (c) without additional segmentation information between the actions.Marking the boundary using communicative signals increased children’s imitation of the less salient sliding action. Imitation of the hopping action remained unaffected. Crucially, marking the boundary of both actions using a non-communicative control condition did not increase imitation of either action. Communicative signals might be particularly suitable in segmenting non-salient actions that would otherwise be perceived as part of another action or as non-intentional. These results provide evidence of the importance of ostensive signals at event boundaries in scaffolding children’s learning.

Emotional and Cognitive Consequences of Social Rejection: An Entry Door to Major Depression

2019 ◽  
pp. 211-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe Fossati ◽  
Sophie Hinfray ◽  
Anna Fall ◽  
Cédric Lemogne ◽  
Jean-Yves Rotge
Keyword(s):  
Major Depression ◽  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Social Acceptance ◽  
Social Rejection ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Social Signals ◽  
The Social ◽  
Interpersonal Difficulties ◽  
Homeostatic System

Interpersonal factors are strong predictors of the onset and course of major depression. However, the biological and neural bases of interpersonal difficulties in major depression are unknown. In this chapter we describe a general homeostatic system that monitors the social acceptance of individuals. We show that this system is activated in response to actual or putative threats to social acceptance and signals of social rejection. Our model describes a cascade of cognitive, emotional, and behavioural consequences of social exclusion. The model emphasizes the role of specific regions—the subgenual anterior cingulate, the insula, and the default mode network—in the detection and regulation of social signals. Hence we propose that major depressive disorder is tightly linked to the processing of social exclusion and may represent a specific impairment in the homeostatic system that monitors social acceptance.

scholarly journals Oxytocin shapes parental motion during father–infant interaction

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 20130828 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omri Weisman ◽  
Emilie Delaherche ◽  
Margot Rondeau ◽  
Mohamed Chetouani ◽  
David Cohen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Engagement ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Computational Method ◽  
Dyadic Interaction ◽  
Acute Administration ◽  
Head Acceleration ◽  
Social Signals ◽  
Transmission Process ◽  
Motion Characteristics

An infant-oriented parental repertoire contributes to an infant's development and well-being. The role of oxytocin (OT) in promoting affiliative bonds and parenting has been established in numerous animal and human studies. Recently, acute administration of OT to a parent was found to enhance the carer's, but at the same time also the infant's, physiological and behavioural readiness for dyadic social engagement. Yet, the exact cues that are involved in this affiliative transmission process remain unclear. The existing literature suggests that motion and vocalization are key social signals for the offspring that facilitates social participation, and that distance and motion perception are modulated by OT in humans. Here, we employed a computational method on video vignettes of human parent–infant interaction including 32 fathers that were administered OT or a placebo in a crossover experimental design. Results indicate that OT modulates parental proximity to the infant, as well as the father's head speed and head acceleration but not the father's vocalization during dyadic interaction. Similarly, the infant's OT reactivity is positively correlated with father's head acceleration. The current findings are the first to report a relationship between the OT system and parental motion characteristics, further suggesting that the cross-generation transmission of parenting in humans might be underlaid by nuanced, infant-oriented, gestures relating to the carer's proximity, speed and acceleration within the dyadic context.

scholarly journals To Reveal or Not to Reveal? Observation of Social Outcomes Facilitates Reward Processing

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiang Shen ◽  
Lian Zhu ◽  
Liang Meng ◽  
Wenwei Qiu ◽  
Qingguo Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Intrinsic Motivation ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Choice Behavior ◽  
Reward Processing ◽  
Social Signals ◽  
Individual Variations ◽  
Stop Watch ◽  
Electrophysiological Measurements

Motivation is a key topic that comprises considerable theoretical and practical implications, and its study is gaining increasing traction in recent years. Employing both behavioral and neural techniques, previous studies examined the extent to which intrinsic and extrinsic motivations collectively shape individual decision making. Investigations found that both processes play indispensable and interactive roles in choice behavior. However, despite its importance, little is known respecting the role of extrinsic social factors in contributing to individual variations in intrinsic motivation. Toward elucidating the role of extrinsic social factors in motivated decision making, the current study implements the stop watch task, combined with hyper-recording electrophysiological measurements. With the electrophysiological toolkit, our goal is to bring to light how extrinsic social signals impact intrinsic motivation and shape the reward processing over success and failure at the succeeding stage. Empirically, we show that, following social outcome presentation, there is an increased divergent feedback-related negativity (FRN), which reflects the failure/success discrepancy at the outcome stage of choice behavior. In summary, this study demonstrates the saliency of social information in intrinsic motivational processes that underpin success-failure outcomes.

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