scholarly journals The gaze bias effect in toddlers: Preliminary evidence for the developmental study of visual decision‐making

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Toshiki Saito ◽  
Ryunosuke Sudo ◽  
Yuji Takano
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Developmental Study ◽  
Bias Effect ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Gaze Bias

Anecdotal Bias in Capital Allocation Depends on Anecdote Similarity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shir Dekel ◽  
Micah Goldwater ◽  
Dan Lovallo ◽  
Bruce Burns
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Medical Decision Making ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Capital Allocation ◽  
Medical Decision ◽  
Target Problem ◽  
Bias Effect ◽  
Business Decision ◽  
Statistical Measures ◽  
Allocation Decisions

Previous research found that anecdotes are more persuasive than statistical data—the anecdotal bias effect. Separate research found that anecdotes that are similar to a target problem are more influential on decision-making than dissimilar anecdotes. Further, previous investigations on anecdotal bias primarily focused on medical decision-making with very little focus on business decision-making. Therefore, we investigated the effect of anecdote similarity on anecdotal bias in capital allocation decisions. Participants were asked to allocate a hypothetical budget between two business projects. One of the projects (the target project) was clearly superior in terms of the provided statistical measures, but some of the participants also saw a description of a project with a conflicting outcome (the anecdotal project). This anecdotal project was always from the same industry as the target project. The anecdote description, however, either contained substantive connections to the target or not. Further, the anecdote conflicted with the statistical measures because it was either successful (positive anecdote) or unsuccessful (negative anecdote). The results showed that participants’ decisions were influenced by anecdotes only when they believed that they were actually relevant to the target project. Further, they still incorporated the statistical measures into their decision. This was found for both positive and negative anecdotes. Further, participants were given information about the way that the anecdotes were sampled that suggested that the statistical information should have been used in all cases. Participants did not use this information in their decisions and still showed an anecdotal bias effect. Therefore, people seem to appropriately use anecdotes based on their relevance, but do not understand the implications of certain statistical concepts.

scholarly journals Professional decision-making in medicine: Development of a new measure and preliminary evidence of validity

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. e0228450
Author(s):  
Alison L. Antes ◽  
Kelly K. Dineen ◽  
Erin Bakanas ◽  
Tyler Zahrli ◽  
Jason D. Keune ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Medicine Development

A Developmental Study of Cognitive Processes in Decision Making: Information Searching as a Function of Task Complexity

1989 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshiaki Nakajima ◽  
Miho Hotta
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Information Search ◽  
Task Complexity ◽  
Search Pattern ◽  
Developmental Study ◽  
Elimination By Aspects ◽  
Information Search Behavior ◽  
Feature Information ◽  
Peeling Off

This study examined the development of information search behavior in decision making. 75 subjects, aged 12 to 23 yr., made choices among 3 or 6 alternatives described by 6 or 12 features and displayed in matrix form. Before making their choices, subjects freely examined feature information about the alternatives by peeling off stickers that covered the information in matrix cells. Analysis indicated that age was unrelated to the number of information cells examined but was related to order of examination. Haphazard searching through the matrices decreased significantly by age 14, and a search pattern related to a choice process of “elimination by aspects” was clearly detected by age 16. Developmental and methodological implications of the results are discussed.

scholarly journals Neural mechanisms of social decision-making in the primate amygdala

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (52) ◽  
pp. 16012-16017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve W. C. Chang ◽  
Nicholas A. Fagan ◽  
Koji Toda ◽  
Amanda V. Utevsky ◽  
John M. Pearson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Behavior ◽  
Basolateral Amygdala ◽  
Social Preferences ◽  
Dictator Game ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Social Decisions ◽  
The Social ◽  
Context Specific ◽  
Social Decision Making

Social decisions require evaluation of costs and benefits to oneself and others. Long associated with emotion and vigilance, the amygdala has recently been implicated in both decision-making and social behavior. The amygdala signals reward and punishment, as well as facial expressions and the gaze of others. Amygdala damage impairs social interactions, and the social neuropeptide oxytocin (OT) influences human social decisions, in part, by altering amygdala function. Here we show in monkeys playing a modified dictator game, in which one individual can donate or withhold rewards from another, that basolateral amygdala (BLA) neurons signaled social preferences both across trials and across days. BLA neurons mirrored the value of rewards delivered to self and others when monkeys were free to choose but not when the computer made choices for them. We also found that focal infusion of OT unilaterally into BLA weakly but significantly increased both the frequency of prosocial decisions and attention to recipients for context-specific prosocial decisions, endorsing the hypothesis that OT regulates social behavior, in part, via amygdala neuromodulation. Our findings demonstrate both neurophysiological and neuroendocrinological connections between primate amygdala and social decisions.

scholarly journals Political Dogma Stroll’s non political moral decision making

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 33-44
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Noorani ◽  
Khurram Shakir ◽  
Muddasir Hussain
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Moral Dilemmas ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Emotional Reactions ◽  
Affective Responses ◽  
Moral Judgments ◽  
Moral Decision ◽  
Moral Decision Making ◽  
Moral Decisions

Ethical enigma kernelling concerns about actions against concerns about consequences have been dealt by philosophers and psychologists to measure “universal” moral intuitions. Although these enigmas contain no evident political content, we decipher that liberals are more likely than conservatives to be concerned about consequences, whereas conservatives are more likely than liberals to be concerned about actions. This denouement is exhibited in two large, heterogeneous samples and across several different moral dilemmas. In addition, manipulations of dilemma averseness and order of presentation suggest that this political difference is due in part to different sensitivities to emotional reactions in moral decision-making: Conservatives are very much inclined to “go with the gut” and let affective responses guide moral judgments, while liberals are more likely to deliberate about optimal consequences. In this article, extracting a sample from Western Europe, we report evidence that political differences can be found in moral decisions about issues that have no evident political content. In particular, we find that conservatives are more likely than liberals to attend to the action itself when deciding whether something is right or wrong, whereas liberals are more likely than conservatives to attend to the consequences of the action. Further, we report preliminary evidence that this is partly explained by the kernel of truth from the parodies – conservatives are more likely than liberals to “go with the gut” by using their affective responses to guide moral judgment.

scholarly journals Rapid recalibration of temporal order judgements: Response bias accounts for contradictory results

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brendan Keane ◽  
Nicholas S. Bland ◽  
Natasha Matthews ◽  
Timothy J Carroll ◽  
Guy Wallis
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Response Bias ◽  
Sensory Processing ◽  
Temporal Order ◽  
Bias Effect ◽  
Temporal Recalibration ◽  
Temporal Asynchrony ◽  
Timing Perception ◽  
Single Presentation

AbstractRecent findings indicate that timing perception is systematically changed after only a single presentation of temporal asynchrony. This effect is known as rapid recalibration. In the synchrony judgement task, similar timing relationships in consecutive trials seem more synchronous (positive rapid recalibration; Van der Burg et al., 2013, 2015). Interestingly, the direction of this effect is reversed for temporal order judgements (negative rapid recalibration; Roseboom, 2019). We aimed to determine whether negative rapid recalibration of temporal order judgements (TOJs) reflects genuine rapid temporal recalibration, or a choice-repetition bias unrelated to timing perception. In our first experiment we found no evidence of rapid recalibration of TOJs, but positive rapid recalibration of associated confidence. This suggests that timing perception had rapidly recalibrated, but that this was undetectable in TOJs, plausibly because the positive recalibration effect was obfuscated by a large negative bias effect. In our second experiment, we dissociated participants’ previous TOJ from the most recently presented timing relationship, mitigating the choice-repetition bias effect, and found evidence of positive rapid recalibration of TOJs. We therefore conclude that timing perception is rapidly recalibrated positively for both synchrony and temporal order judgements. It remains unclear whether rapid recalibration occurs at the level of sensory processing, leading to similar effects in all subsequent judgements, or reflects a generalised decision-making strategy.

A Developmental Study of Sequential Two-Choice Decision Making

1963 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grace J. Craig ◽  
Jerome L. Myers
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Developmental Study ◽  
Choice Decision

The Ethical Health Lawyer: An Empirical Assessment of Moral Decision Making

2009 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 461-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua E. Perry ◽  
Ilene N. Moore ◽  
Bruce Barry ◽  
Ellen Wright Clayton ◽  
Amanda R. Carrico
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Moral Dilemmas ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Moral Decision ◽  
Moral Decision Making ◽  
Unprofessional Behavior ◽  
Moral Boundaries

The empirical literature exploring lawyers and their moral decision making is limited despite the “crisis” of unethical and unprofessional behavior in the bar that has been well documented for over a decade. In particular we are unaware of any empirical studies that investigate the moral landscape of the health lawyer’s practice. In an effort to address this gap in the literature, an interdisciplinary team of researchers at Vanderbilt University designed an empirical study to gather preliminary evidence regarding the moral reasoning of health care attorneys. The primary research question was how health lawyers respond when they encounter ethical or moral dilemmas in their practice for which the law fails to offer a bright-line solution. In exploring this question, we sought to understand better what motivations or influences guide action when health lawyers confront ethical quandaries, and whether there are specific differences, e.g., gender, experience, or religiosity, that are associated with specific responses to situations testing ethical or moral boundaries.

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