scholarly journals What Do North American Babies Hear? A large‐scale cross‐corpus analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. e12724 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elika Bergelson ◽  
Marisa Casillas ◽  
Melanie Soderstrom ◽  
Amanda Seidl ◽  
Anne S. Warlaumont ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Corpus Analysis

Interannual Variability of North American Winter Temperature Extremes and Its Associated Circulation Anomalies in Observations and CMIP5 Simulations

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 847-865 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Yu ◽  
H. Lin ◽  
V. V. Kharin ◽  
X. L. Wang
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Atmospheric Circulation ◽  
North American ◽  
North Pacific ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Temperature Extremes ◽  
Temperature Extreme ◽  
Central Canada ◽  
Leading Mode

AbstractThe interannual variability of wintertime North American surface temperature extremes and its generation and maintenance are analyzed in this study. The leading mode of the temperature extreme anomalies, revealed by empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analyses of December–February mean temperature extreme indices over North America, is characterized by an anomalous center of action over western-central Canada. In association with the leading mode of temperature extreme variability, the large-scale atmospheric circulation features an anomalous Pacific–North American (PNA)-like pattern from the preceding fall to winter, which has important implications for seasonal prediction of North American temperature extremes. A positive PNA pattern leads to more warm and fewer cold extremes over western-central Canada. The anomalous circulation over the PNA sector drives thermal advection that contributes to temperature anomalies over North America, as well as a Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO)-like sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly pattern in the midlatitude North Pacific. The PNA-like circulation anomaly tends to be supported by SST warming in the tropical central-eastern Pacific and a positive synoptic-scale eddy vorticity forcing feedback on the large-scale circulation over the PNA sector. The leading extreme mode–associated atmospheric circulation patterns obtained from the observational and reanalysis data, together with the anomalous SST and synoptic eddy activities, are reasonably well simulated in most CMIP5 models and in the multimodel mean. For most models considered, the simulated patterns of atmospheric circulation, SST, and synoptic eddy activities have lower spatial variances than the corresponding observational and reanalysis patterns over the PNA sector, especially over the North Pacific.

scholarly journals Impacts of Large-Scale Circulation on Urban Ambient Concentrations of Gaseous Elemental Mercury in New York, USA

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huiting Mao ◽  
Dolly Hall ◽  
Zhuyun Ye ◽  
Ying Zhou ◽  
Dirk Felton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
North American ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Elemental Mercury ◽  
Urban Site ◽  
Large Scale Circulation ◽  
Gaseous Elemental Mercury ◽  
The North ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. The impact of large-scale circulation on urban gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) was investigated through analysis of 2008–2015 measurement data from an urban site in New York City (NYC), New York, USA. Distinct annual cycles were observed in 2009–2010 with mixing ratios in warm seasons (i.e. spring–summer) 10–20 ppqv (~ 10 %–25 %) higher than in cool seasons (i.e. fall–winter). This annual cycle was disrupted in 2011 by an anomalously strong influence of the North American trough in that warm season and was reproduced in 2014 with annual amplitude enhanced up to ~ 70 ppqv associated with a particularly strong Bermuda High. North American trough axis index (TAI) and intensity index (TII) were used to characterize the effect of the North American trough on NYC GEM especially in winter and summer. The intensity and position of the Bermuda High had a significant impact on GEM in warm seasons supported by a strong correlation (r reaching 0.96, p 

scholarly journals Large-scale comparison of biomass and reproductive phenology among native and non-native populations of the seagrass Zostera japonica

2021 ◽  
Vol 675 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
MA Ito ◽  
HJ Lin ◽  
MI O’Connor ◽  
M Nakaoka
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
North American ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Reproductive Phenology ◽  
Reproductive Timing ◽  
Zostera Japonica ◽  
Tropical Asia ◽  
Maximum Biomass ◽  
Peak Biomass ◽  
Native Populations

Large-scale analysis along latitude or temperature gradients can be an effective method for exploring the potential roles of light and temperature in controlling seagrass phenology. In this study, we investigated effects of latitude and temperature on seagrass biomass and reproductive seasonality. Zostera japonica is an intertidal seagrass with a wide latitudinal distribution expanding from tropical to temperate zones in its native range in Asia, with an additional non-native distribution in North America. We collated available data on phenological traits (timings of peak biomass or reproduction, durations of biomass growth and reproductive season, and maximum biomass or reproductive ratio) from publications and our own observations. Traits were compared among geographic groups: Asia-tropical, Asia-temperate, and North America-temperate. We further examined relationships between traits and latitude and temperature for 3 population groups: Asian, North American, and all populations. Our analysis revealed significant variation among geographic groups in maximum biomass, peak reproductive timing, and maximum reproductive ratio, but not in other traits. Maximum biomass and peak reproductive timing for Asian and all populations were significantly correlated with latitude and temperature. Maximum biomass was highest at mid-latitudes or intermediate temperatures and decreased toward distribution range limits, and peak reproductive timing occurred later in the year at higher latitudes or cooler sites. North American populations showed shorter growth durations and greater reproductive ratios at higher latitude. Different responses observed for North American populations may reflect effects of introduction. Our study demonstrates potential variation among geographic regions and between native and non-native populations.

scholarly journals Typology and nuance: relativization

2020 ◽  
pp. 104-130
Author(s):  
Marianne Mithun
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Relative Clauses ◽  
Spontaneous Speech ◽  
The Other ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Linguistic Typology ◽  
The North

Much of linguistic typology is inherently categorical. In large-scale typological surveys, grammatical constructions, distinctions, and even variables are typically classified as present, absent, or embodying one of a set of specified options. This work is valuable for a multitude of purposes, and in many cases such categorization is sufficient. In others, we can advance our understanding further if we take a more nuanced approach, considering the extent to which a particular construction, distinction, or variable is installed in the grammar. An important tool for this approach is the examination of unscripted speech in context, complete with prosody. This point is illustrated here with Mohawk, an Iroquoian language indigenous to the North American Northeast. As will be seen, the two types of construction which might be identified as relative clauses are emergent, one less integrated into the grammar than the other. Examination of spontaneous speech indicates that the earliest stages of development are prosodic, as speakers shape their messages according to their communicative purposes at each moment.

scholarly journals Consistency and Variability in Children’s Word Learning Across Languages

Open Mind ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 52-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mika Braginsky ◽  
Daniel Yurovsky ◽  
Virginia A. Marchman ◽  
Michael C. Frank
Keyword(s):  
Word Learning ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Parent Report ◽  
Corpus Analysis ◽  
Function Words ◽  
Lexical Categories ◽  
Derived Properties ◽  
Report Data ◽  
And Function

Why do children learn some words earlier than others? The order in which words are acquired can provide clues about the mechanisms of word learning. In a large-scale corpus analysis, we use parent-report data from over 32,000 children to estimate the acquisition trajectories of around 400 words in each of 10 languages, predicting them on the basis of independently derived properties of the words’ linguistic environment (from corpora) and meaning (from adult judgments). We examine the consistency and variability of these predictors across languages, by lexical category, and over development. The patterning of predictors across languages is quite similar, suggesting similar processes in operation. In contrast, the patterning of predictors across different lexical categories is distinct, in line with theories that posit different factors at play in the acquisition of content words and function words. By leveraging data at a significantly larger scale than previous work, our analyses identify candidate generalizations about the processes underlying word learning across languages.

scholarly journals The origin of till sequences by subglacial sediment deformation beneath mid-latitude ice sheets

1996 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 75-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. Boulton
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Ice Sheets ◽  
Ice Sheet ◽  
Glacial Cycle ◽  
Erosion And Deposition ◽  
The North ◽  
Sediment Deformation ◽  
Source Materials ◽  
The Last Glacial

A theory of erosion and deposition as a consequence of subglacial sediment deformation over beds of unlithified sediment is reviewed and applied to large-scale till sequences formed on the southern flanks of the North American and British and European ice sheets during the last glacial cycle. The distribution of till thickness, till lithology in relation to source materials and intra-till erosion surfaces along a flowline in the Michigan lobe of the North American ice sheet are shown to be compatible with the deformational theory but not with other modes of till genesis. It is then demonstrated, in the case of the British ice sheet, how the assumption of a deformational origin for tills can be used to infer time-dependent patterns of ice-sheet dynamic behaviour. By reference to an example from the Netherlands, it is argued that many till sequences interpreted as melt-out tills are more likely to have formed by subglacial sediment deformation.

Palaeomagnetic constraints on the distribution of continents in the late Silurian and early Devonian

1985 ◽  
Vol 309 (1138) ◽  
pp. 29-56 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Igneous Rocks ◽  
Red Beds ◽  
Early Devonian ◽  
Palaeomagnetic Data ◽  
Subsequent Deformation ◽  
Boundary Reconstruction

Silurian and Devonian palaeomagnetic data are reviewed and used to orient continental fragments in a global map-frame. In some cases longitude separations have been estimated from palaeontological data. The resulting maps show a possible evolution of the continents in Silurian and Devonian time. A 10° present-day latitude-longitude grid has been rotated to past positions and the extent of areas involved in subsequent deformation are shown. Two internally consistent alternatives are presented for the Silurian-Devonian boundary reconstruction. The first draws on North American and Baltic data, mostly from cratonic sediments; the second uses British data obtained mostly from igneous rocks, and admits poles from SE Australia in positioning Gondwanaland. Choosing between these alternatives depends on having better data from Gondwanaland and on evaluating the hypothesis of large-scale remagnetization of red beds

Innovation on screen

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Reichelt
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
American English ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Formation Processes ◽  
Character Analysis ◽  
Buffy The Vampire Slayer

Abstract This study explores marked affixation as a possible cue for characterization in scripted television dialogue. The data used here is the newly compiled TV Corpus, which encompasses over 265 million words in its North American English context. An initial corpus-based analysis quantifies the innovative use of affixes in word-formation processes across the corpus to allow for comparison with a following character analysis, which investigates how derivational word-formation supports characterization patterns within a specific series, Buffy the Vampire Slayer. For this, a list of productive prefixes (e.g. de-, un-) and suffixes (e.g. -y, -ish) is used to elicit relevant contexts. The study thus combines two approaches to word-formation processes in scripted contexts. On a large scale, it shows how derivational neologisms are spread across TV dialogue and on a much smaller scale, it highlights particular instances where these neologisms are used to aid character construction.

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