‘Money up in smoke’: The financial benefits of smoking cessation may be more motivating to people who are homeless than potential health gains

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheneal Puljević ◽  
Aaron Snoswell ◽  
Lorena Rivas ◽  
Mohammed M. Ali ◽  
Wouter de Greef ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Health Gains ◽  
Financial Benefits

scholarly journals Socioeconomic Inequalities in the Prevalence and Management of Childhood Diarrhoea: Potential Health Gains to be Achieved

2009 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Birger C. Forsberg ◽  
Davidson Gwatkin ◽  
Goran Tomson ◽  
Peter Allebeck ◽  
Max G. Petzold
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Inequalities ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Childhood Diarrhoea ◽  
Health Gains

scholarly journals An Alternative Mathematical Modeling Approach to Estimating a Reference Life Expectancy

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 238146831881476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth R. Stevens ◽  
Qinlian Zhou ◽  
Glen B. Taksler ◽  
Kimberly A. Nucifora ◽  
Marc Gourevitch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
White Women ◽  
Policy Decision ◽  
The United States ◽  
Population Characteristics ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Health Gains ◽  
Health Policy Decision

Background. Reference life expectancies inform frequently used health metrics, which play an integral role in determining resource allocation and health policy decision making. Existing reference life expectancies are not able to account for variation in geographies, populations, and disease states. Using a computer simulation, we developed a reference life expectancy estimation that considers competing causes of mortality, and is tailored to population characteristics. Methods. We developed a Monte Carlo microsimulation model that explicitly represented the top causes of US mortality in 2014 and the risk factors associated with their onset. The microsimulation follows a birth cohort of hypothetical individuals resembling the population of the United States. To estimate a reference life expectancy, we compared current circumstances with an idealized scenario in which all modifiable risk factors were eliminated and adherence to evidence-based therapies was perfect. We compared estimations of years of potential years life lost with alternative approaches. Results. In the idealized scenario, we estimated that overall life expectancy in the United States would increase by 5.9 years to 84.7 years. Life expectancy for men would increase from 76.4 years to 82.5 years, and life expectancy for women would increase from 81.3 years to 86.8 years. Using age-75 truncation to estimate potential years life lost compared to using the idealized life expectancy underestimated potential health gains overall (38%), disproportionately underestimated potential health gains for women (by 70%) compared to men (by 40%), and disproportionately underestimated the importance of heart disease for white women and black men. Conclusion. Mathematical simulations can be used to estimate an idealized reference life expectancy among a population to better inform and assess progress toward targets to improve population health.

scholarly journals Potential health gains in West and Central Africa through savings from lower cost HIV treatment

AIDS ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 439-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robyn M. Stuart ◽  
Sherrie L. Kelly ◽  
Rowan Martin-Hughes ◽  
David P. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Lower Cost ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Hiv Treatment ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Health Gains ◽  
West And Central Africa

Smoking Cessation Treatment and Outcomes Patterns Simulation: A New Framework for Evaluating the Potential Health and Economic Impact of Smoking Cessation Interventions

2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (9) ◽  
pp. 767-780 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denis Getsios ◽  
Jenő P. Marton ◽  
Nikhil Revankar ◽  
Alexandra J. Ward ◽  
Richard J. Willke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Economic Impact ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Smoking Cessation Treatment ◽  
Cessation Treatment ◽  
New Framework

scholarly journals Valuing Regulations Affecting Addictive or Habitual Goods

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Cutler ◽  
Amber Jessup ◽  
Donald Kenkel ◽  
Martha A. Starr
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Behavioral Problems ◽  
Health Benefits ◽  
Smoking Behavior ◽  
Welfare Benefits ◽  
Consumption Decisions ◽  
Health Gains ◽  
Utility Loss ◽  
Utility Cost

The analysis of regulations affecting addictive or habitual goods has drawn considerable controversy. Some studies have suggested that such regulations have only small welfare benefits, as consumers value these goods despite health benefits from quitting, while other studies suggest that information or behavioral problems make existing consumption decisions a poor guide to welfare evaluation. We examine potential utility offsets to health benefits of regulations affecting addictive or habitual goods theoretically and empirically. Our analysis focuses on individuals who consume these goods only, ignoring other social costs and benefits. Theoretically, we show the importance of several factors including: money saved in addition to health improvements; differentiating steady-state utility losses from short-term withdrawal costs; lack of utility loss for people dissuaded from starting to consume the good; and accounting for utility consequences of explicit or implicit cost increases. Our empirical analysis considers regulations that affect smoking. To measure the welfare cost of smoking cessation, we divide the population into those with more and less rational smoking behavior and use the valuation of smoking from more rational smokers to impute values of losses for less rational smokers. Our results show that the utility cost of smoking cessation is small relative to the health gains in people for whom withdrawal costs are the main utility loss of quitting, and even among people who have some ongoing loss, the utility offsets represent 20%–25% of the health gains. While marginal smokers induced to quit by regulations can be expected to have low or no steady-state loss, even this higher estimate is far below prevailing estimates of the utility cost of smoking used by the Food and Drug Administration and other analysts.

Health Impact and Cost-Effectiveness of Achieving the National Salt and Sugar Reduction Initiative Voluntary Sugar Reduction Targets in the United States: A Micro-Simulation Study

Circulation ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siyi Shangguan ◽  
Dariush Mozaffarian ◽  
Stephen Sy ◽  
Yujin Lee ◽  
Junxiu Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Added Sugar ◽  
Health Gains ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Sugar Reduction

Background: High intake of added sugar is linked to weight gain and cardiometabolic risk. In 2018, the US National Salt and Sugar Reduction Initiative (NSSRI) proposed government supported voluntary national sugar reduction targets. This intervention's potential health and equity impacts, and cost-effectiveness are unclear. Methods: A validated microsimulation model, CVD-PREDICT, coded in C++, was used to estimate incremental changes in type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease (CVD), quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), costs and cost-effectiveness of the NSSRI policy. The model was run at the individual-level, incorporating the annual probability of each person's transition between health status based on their risk factors. The model incorporated national demographic and dietary data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey across 3 cycles (2011-2016), added sugar-related diseases from meta-analyses, and policy costs and health-related costs from established sources. A simulated nationally representative US population was created and followed until age 100 years or death, with 2019 as the year of intervention start. Findings were evaluated over 10 years and a lifetime from healthcare and societal perspectives. Uncertainty was evaluated in a one-way analysis by assuming 50% industry compliance, and probabilistic sensitivity analyses via a second-order Monte Carlo approach. Model outputs included averted diabetes cases, CVD events and CVD deaths, QALYs gained, and formal healthcare cost savings, stratified by age, race, income and education. Results: Achieving the NSSRI sugar reduction targets could prevent 2.48 million CVD events, 0.49 million CVD deaths, and 0.75 million diabetes cases; gain 6.67 million QALYs; and save $160.88 billion net costs from a societal perspective over a lifetime. The policy became cost-effective (<150K/QALYs) at 6 years, highly cost-effective (< 50K/QALYs) at 7 years, and cost-saving at 9 years. Results were robust from a healthcare perspective, with lower (50%) industry compliance, and in probabilistic sensitivity analyses. The policy could also reduce disparities, with greatest estimated health gains per million adults among Black and Hispanic, lower income, and less educated Americans. Conclusions: Implementing and achieving the NSSRI sugar reformation targets could generate substantial health gains, equity gains and cost-savings.

scholarly journals Shared Decision-Making Model for Adolescent Smoking Cessation: Pilot Cohort Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (20) ◽  
pp. 10970
Author(s):  
Kuan-Lun Chen ◽  
Yun-Chen Hsu ◽  
Yi-Hsuan Li ◽  
Fei-Ran Guo ◽  
Jaw-Shiun Tsai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Shared Decision Making ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Medical Decision ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Shared Decision ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Positive Effects

The control of tobacco use in adolescents is a critical public health issue that has long been studied, yet has received less attention than adult smoking cessation. Shared decision making (SDM) is a method that highlights a patient’s preference-based medical decision. This study aimed to investigate the effects of a novel SDM-integrated cessation model and early intervention on the control of tobacco use in adolescents. The SDM-integrated model provides psychological support and motivational enhancement by involving the participants in making decisions and plans through the three-talk model of the SDM principle. The primary outcome shows positive effects by both increasing the cessation rate (a 25% point abstinence rate at 3 month follow up) and decreasing the number of cigarettes smoked per day (60% of the participants at 3 month follow up) among 20 senior high school participants (mean age, 17.5 years; 95% male). The results also show that the model can achieve the goal of SDM and optimal informed decision making, based on the positive SURE test and the satisfaction survey regarding the cessation model. The SDM cessation model can be further applied to different fields of adolescent substance cessation, yielding beneficial effects regarding reducing potential health hazards. The dissemination of the model may help more adolescent smokers to cease smoking worldwide.

STIs in sex partners notified for chlamydia exposure: implications for expedited partner therapy

2018 ◽  
Vol 94 (8) ◽  
pp. 619-621 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fleur van Aar ◽  
Birgit H B van Benthem ◽  
Ingrid V F van den Broek ◽  
Hannelore M Götz
Keyword(s):  
Target Population ◽  
Infectious Hepatitis ◽  
Sex Partners ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Hiv Surveillance ◽  
Expedited Partner Therapy ◽  
Sti Testing ◽  
Health Gains ◽  
And Gender

ObjectivesExpedited partner therapy (EPT) may reduce chlamydia reinfection rates. However, the disadvantages of EPT for chlamydia include missing the opportunity to test for other STIs and unnecessary use of antibiotics among non-infected partners. As part of a larger study that investigated the feasibility of EPT in the Netherlands, we explored the frequency of STI among a potential EPT target population of chlamydia-notified heterosexual men and women attending STI clinics for testing.MethodsCross-sectional national STI/HIV surveillance data, which contain information on all consultations at STI clinics, were used to calculate STI positivity rates stratified by chlamydia notification and gender, and proportions of STI that were attributable to clients notified for chlamydia.ResultsOf all consultations in 2015 (n=101 710), 14 445 (14.4%) clients reported to be notified exclusively for chlamydia. Among chlamydia-notified clients, the chlamydia positivity rate was 34.2% (n=4947), and consequently 65.8% (n=9488) of them tested negative for chlamydia. Chlamydia-notified clients contributed to 10.2% of all gonorrhoea infections (n=174/1702) and 10.9% of all infectious syphilis, HIV and/or infectious hepatitis B infections (n=15/173).ConclusionImplementing EPT without additional STI testing for all partners of chlamydia-infected index patients implies that STIs other than chlamydia will be missed. Although the chlamydia positivity rate was high among chlamydia-notified partners, two-thirds would unnecessarily use azithromycin. An evaluation of EPT against the current partner treatment strategy is needed to carefully weigh the potential health gains against the potential health losses and to explore the characteristics of EPT-eligible partners.

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