Protein timing during the day and its relevance for muscle strength and lean mass

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 332-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel L. Buckner ◽  
Jeremy P. Loenneke ◽  
Paul D. Loprinzi
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Lean Mass ◽  
Protein Timing

scholarly journals COVID-19 era in long-term cardiac rehabilitation programs: how was muscle strenght and lean mass affected in cardiovascular patients?

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M Borges ◽  
M Lemos Pires ◽  
R Pinto ◽  
G De Sa ◽  
I Ricardo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Cardiac Rehabilitation ◽  
Lean Mass ◽  
Lower Limb ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Home Based ◽  
Lower Limb Strength

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. Introduction Exercise prescription is one of the main components of phase III Cardiac Rehabilitation (CR) programs due to its documented prognostic benefits. It has been well established that, when added to aerobic training, resistance training (RT) leads to greater improvements in peripheral muscle strength and muscle mass in patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD). With COVID-19, most centre-based CR programs had to be suspended and CR patients had to readjust their RT program to a home-based model where weight training was more difficult to perform. How COVID-19 Era impacted lean mass and muscle strength in trained CVD patients who were attending long-term CR programs has yet to be discussed. Purpose To assess upper and lower limb muscle strength and lean mass in CVD patients who had their centre-based CR program suspended due to COVID-19 and compare it with previous assessments. Methods 87 CVD patients (mean age 62.9 ± 9.1, 82.8% male), before COVID-19, were attending a phase III centre-based CR program 3x/week and were evaluated annually. After 7 months of suspension, 57.5% (n = 50) patients returned to the face-to-face CR program. Despite all constraints caused by COVID-19, body composition and muscle strength of 35 participants (mean age 64.7 ± 7.9, 88.6% male) were assessed. We compared this assessment with previous years and established three assessment time points: M1) one year before COVID-19 (2018); M2) last assessment before COVID-19 (2019); M3) the assessment 7 months after CR program suspension (last trimester of 2020). Upper limbs strength was measured using a JAMAR dynamometer, 30 second chair stand test (number of repetitions – reps) was used to measure lower limbs strength and dual energy x-ray absorptiometry was used to measure upper and lower limbs lean mass. Repeated measures ANOVA were used. Results Intention to treat analysis showed that upper and lower limbs lean mass did not change from M1 to M2 but decreased significantly from M2 to M3 (arms lean mass in M2: 5.68 ± 1.00kg vs M3: 5.52 ± 1.06kg, p = 0.004; legs lean mass in M2: 17.40 ± 2.46kg vs M3: 16.77 ± 2.61kg, p = 0.040). Lower limb strength also decreased significantly from M2 to M3 (M2: 23.31 ± 5.76 reps vs M3: 21.11 ± 5.31 reps, p = 0.014) after remaining stable in the year prior to COVID-19. Upper limb strength improved significantly from M1 to M2 (M1: 39.00 ± 8.64kg vs M2: 40.53 ± 8.77kg, p = 0.034) but did not change significantly from M2 to M3 (M2 vs M3: 41.29 ± 9.13kg, p = 0.517). Conclusion After CR centre-based suspension due to COVID-19, we observed a decrease in upper and lower limbs lean mass and lower limb strength in previously trained CVD patients. These results should emphasize the need to promote all efforts to maintain physical activity and RT through alternative effective home-based CR programs when face-to-face models are not available or possible to be implemented.

scholarly journals Type 2 Diabetes Reduces the Muscle Anabolic Effect of Resistance Exercise Training in Older Adults

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 529-529
Author(s):  
Amanda Randolph ◽  
Tatiana Moro ◽  
Adetutu Odejimi ◽  
Blake Rasmussen ◽  
Elena Volpi
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Resistance Exercise ◽  
Lean Mass ◽  
Synthesis Rate ◽  
Resistance Exercise Training ◽  
Appendicular Lean Mass

Abstract Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) accelerates the incidence and increases the prevalence of sarcopenia in older adults. This suggests an urgent need for identifying effective sarcopenia treatments for older adults with T2DM. It is unknown whether traditional approaches, such as progressive resistance exercise training (PRET), can effectively counteract sarcopenia in older patients with T2DM. To test the efficacy of PRET for the treatment of sarcopenia in older adults with T2DM, 30 subjects (15 T2DM and 15 age- and sex- matched controls) underwent metabolic testing with muscle biopsies before and after a 13-week full-body PRET program. Primary outcome measures included changes in appendicular lean mass, muscle strength, and mixed muscle fractional synthesis rate (FSR). Before PRET, BMI-adjusted appendicular lean mass was significantly lower in the T2DM group (0.7095±0.0381 versus 0.8151±0.0439, p<0.0001). As a result of PRET, appendicular lean mass adjusted for BMI and muscle strength increased significantly in both groups, but to a lesser extent for the T2DM group (p=0.0009) . Preliminary results for FSR (n=25) indicate that subjects with T2DM had lower basal FSR prior to PRET (p=0.0197) . Basal FSR increased significantly in the control group after PRET (p=0.0196), while it did not change in the T2DM group (p=0.3537). These results suggest that in older adults the positive effect of PRET on muscle anabolism and strength is reduced by T2DM . Thus, older adults with T2DM may require more intensive, multimodal and targeted sarcopenia treatment. Funded by NIH R01AG049611 and P30AG024832.

scholarly journals Intracellular Water Content in Lean Mass as an Indicator of Muscle Quality in an Older Obese Population

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 1580
Author(s):  
Mateu Serra-Prat ◽  
Isabel Lorenzo ◽  
Mònica Papiol ◽  
Elisabet Palomera ◽  
Maria Bartolomé ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Lean Mass ◽  
Gait Speed ◽  
Bioelectrical Impedance ◽  
Intracellular Water ◽  
Muscle Quality ◽  
Timed Up And Go ◽  
Cross Sectional

Background: In aged populations, muscle strength depends more on muscle quality than on muscle quantity, while all three are criteria for the diagnosis of sarcopenia. Intracellular water content (ICW) in lean mass (LM) has been proposed as an indicator of muscle quality related to muscle strength in older people. Objectives: To evaluate the relationship between the ICW/LM ratio, muscle strength and indicators of functional performance in obese older adults, and to assess the value of the ICW/LM ratio as an indicator of muscle quality. Methodology: Design: cross-sectional study. Population: persons aged 65–75 years with a body mass index of 30–39 kg/m2. ICW and LM were estimated by bioelectrical impedance. Hand grip, gait speed, unipedal stance test, timed up-and-go (TUG) test, Barthel score and frailty (Fried criteria) were assessed. Sarcopenia was established according to EWGSOP2 criteria. Results: Recruited were 305 subjects (66% women), mean age 68 years. The ICW/LM ratio correlated with the TUG test, gait speed and grip strength, and was also associated with sex, the unipedal stance test and frailty. Independently of age, sex and muscle mass, the ICW/LM ratio was related with gait speed, the TUG test and unipedal stance capacity. One person (0.3%) had sarcopenia defined as low muscle strength and low muscle mass, while 25 people (8.2%) had sarcopenia defined as low muscle strength and poor muscle quality (ICW/LM). With this last definition, sarcopenia was related to frailty, gait speed and the TUG test. Conclusions: ICW content in LM could be a useful muscle quality indicator for defining sarcopenia. However, more studies are required to confirm our findings for other populations.

scholarly journals Application of Cut‐Points for Low Muscle Strength and Lean Mass in Mobility‐Limited Older Adults

2020 ◽  
Vol 68 (7) ◽  
pp. 1445-1453 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory J. Grosicki ◽  
Thomas G. Travison ◽  
Hao Zhu ◽  
Jay Magaziner ◽  
Ellen F. Binder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Lean Mass ◽  
Cut Points

Do genetic factors explain associations between muscle strength, lean mass, and bone density? A twin study

1996 ◽  
Vol 270 (2) ◽  
pp. E320-E327 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Seeman ◽  
J. L. Hopper ◽  
N. R. Young ◽  
C. Formica ◽  
P. Goss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Lean Mass ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Cross ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Genetically Determined ◽  
Trait Correlation

Are the associations between muscle strength, lean mass, and bone mineral density (BMD) genetically determined? Based on within-pair differences in 56 monozygotic (MZ) and 56 dizygotic (DZ) female twin pairs, mean age 45 yr (range 24-67), BMD was associated with lean mass, independent of fat mass and height (P < 0.05). A 10% increment in femoral neck (FN) BMD was associated with a 15% increment in lean mass (approximately 6 kg). BMD was associated with muscle strength (measured in 35 pairs) before, but not after, adjusting for lean mass. Based on age-adjusted cross-sectional analyses, same-trait correlations (+/- SE) in MZ pairs were double those in DZ pairs: FN BMD (0.62 +/- 0.08, 0.33 +/- 0.12) and lean mass (0.87 +/- 0.03, 0.30 +/- 0.11; all P < 0.001), consistent with a genetic hypothesis. The cross-trait correlation (r) between lean mass and FN BMD in the same individual was 0.43 +/- 0.06. The cross-trait cross-twin correlation between lean mass in one twin and FN BMD in the other was 0.31 +/- 0.07 in MZ pairs, approximately 75% of the cross-trait correlation (r) and 0.19 +/- 0.09 in DZ paris (P < 0.001). After adjusting for height and fat mass, the MZ and DZ cross-trait cross-twin correlations were no different (0.16 +/- 0.08 and 0.13 +/- 0.09, respectively). Therefore, genetic factors account for 60-80% of the individual variances of both FN BMD and lean mass, and > 50% of their covariance. The association between greater muscle mass and greater BMD is likely to be determined by genes regulating size.

Sex-based differences in skeletal muscle function and morphology with short-term limb immobilization

2005 ◽  
Vol 99 (3) ◽  
pp. 1085-1092 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nobuo Yasuda ◽  
Elisa I. Glover ◽  
Stuart M. Phillips ◽  
Robert J. Isfort ◽  
Mark A. Tarnopolsky
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Lean Mass ◽  
Muscle Function ◽  
Knee Extensor ◽  
Quadriceps Femoris ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Time Points

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of short-term (14-day) unilateral leg immobilization using a simple knee brace (60° flexion)- or crutch-mediated model on muscle function and morphology in men (M, n = 13) and women (W, n = 14). Isometric and isokinetic (concentric-slow, 0.52 rad/s and fast, 5.24 rad/s) knee extensor peak torque was determined at three time points (Pre, Day-2, and Day-14). At the same time points, magnetic resonance imaging was used to measure the cross-sectional area of the quadriceps femoris and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scanning was used to calculate leg lean mass. Muscle biopsies were taken from vastus lateralis at Pre and Day-14 for myosin ATPase and myosin heavy chain analysis. Women showed greater decreases (Pre vs. Day-14) compared with men in specific strength (N/cm2) for isometric [M = 3.1 ± 13.3, W = 17.1 ± 15.9%; P = 0.055 (mean ± SD)] and concentric-slow (M = 4.7 ± 11.3, W = 16.6 ± 18.4%; P < 0.05) contractions. There were no immobilization-induced sex-specific differences in the decrease in quadriceps femoris cross-sectional area (M = 5.7 ± 5.0, W = 5.9 ± 5.2%) or leg lean mass (M = 3.7 ± 4.2, W = 2.7 ± 2.8%). There were no fiber-type transformations, and the decreases in type I (M = 4.8 ± 5.0, W = 5.9 ± 3.4%), IIa (M = 7.9 ± 9.9, W = 8.8 ± 8.0%), and IIx (M = 10.7 ± 10.8, W = 10.8 ± 12.1%) fiber areas were similar between sexes. These findings indicate that immobilization-induced loss of knee extensor muscle strength is greater in women compared with men despite a similar extent of atrophy at the myofiber and whole muscle levels after 14 days of unilateral leg immobilization. Furthermore, we have described an effective and safe knee immobilization method that results in reductions in quadriceps muscle strength and size.

scholarly journals Combined Resistance and Aerobic Exercise Program Reverses Muscle Loss in Men Undergoing Androgen Suppression Therapy for Prostate Cancer Without Bone Metastases: A Randomized Controlled Trial

2010 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 340-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel A. Galvão ◽  
Dennis R. Taaffe ◽  
Nigel Spry ◽  
David Joseph ◽  
Robert U. Newton
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Usual Care ◽  
Physical Function ◽  
Lean Mass ◽  
Exercise Program ◽  
Androgen Suppression

Purpose Androgen suppression therapy (AST) results in musculoskeletal toxicity that reduces physical function and quality of life. This study examined the impact of a combined resistance and aerobic exercise program as a countermeasure to these AST-related toxicities. Patients and Methods Between 2007 and 2008, 57 patients with prostate cancer undergoing AST (commenced > 2 months prior) were randomly assigned to a program of resistance and aerobic exercise (n = 29) or usual care (n = 28) for 12 weeks. Primary end points were whole body and regional lean mass. Secondary end points were muscle strength and function, cardiorespiratory capacity, blood biomarkers, and quality of life. Results Analysis of covariance was used to compare outcomes for groups at 12 weeks adjusted for baseline values and potential confounders. Patients undergoing exercise showed an increase in lean mass compared with usual care (total body, P = .047; upper limb, P < .001; lower limb, P = .019) and similarly better muscle strength (P < .01), 6-meter walk time (P = .024), and 6-meter backward walk time (P = .039). Exercise also improved several aspects of quality of life including general health (P = .022) and reduced fatigue (P = .021) and decreased levels of C-reactive protein (P = .008). There were no adverse events during the testing or exercise intervention program. Conclusion A relatively brief exposure to exercise significantly improved muscle mass, strength, physical function, and balance in hypogonadal men compared with normal care. The exercise regimen was well tolerated and could be recommended for patients undergoing AST as an effective countermeasure to these common treatment-related adverse effects.

scholarly journals Impact of Cortisol on Reduction in Muscle Strength and Mass: A Mendelian Randomization Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shunsuke Katsuhara ◽  
Maki Yokomoto-Umakoshi ◽  
Hironobu Umakoshi ◽  
Yayoi Matsuda ◽  
Norifusa Iwahashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Grip Strength ◽  
Lean Mass ◽  
Bayesian Model Averaging ◽  
Mendelian Randomization ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
Mass Estimate ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Purpose Prolonged exposure to pathological cortisol, as in Cushing’s syndrome causes various age-related disorders including sarcopenia. However, it is unclear whether mild cortisol excess, for example, accelerates sarcopenia due to aging or chronic stress. We performed a Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to assess whether cortisol was causally associated with muscle strength and mass. Methods Three single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with plasma cortisol concentrations in the CORtisol NETwork consortium (n = 12,597) were used as instrumental variables. Summary statistics with traits of interest were obtained from relevant genome-wide association studies. For the primary analysis, we used the fixed-effects inverse-variance weighted analysis accounting for genetic correlations between variants. Results One standard deviation (SD) increase in cortisol was associated with SD reduction in grip strength (estimate, -0.032; 95% confidence interval [CI] -0.044 ~ -0.020; P = 3e-04), whole-body lean mass (estimate, -0.032; 95%CI, -0.046 ~ -0.017; P = 0.004), and appendicular lean mass (estimate, -0.031; 95%CI, -0.049 ~ -0.012; P = 0.001). The results were supported by the weighted-median analysis, with no evidence of pleiotropy in the MR-Egger analysis. The association of cortisol with grip strength and lean mass was observed in women but not in men. The association was attenuated after adjusting for fasting glucose in the multivariable MR analysis, which was the top mediator for the association in the MR-Bayesian model averaging analysis. Conclusion This MR study provides evidence for the association of cortisol with reduced muscle strength and mass, suggesting the impact of cortisol on the development of sarcopenia.

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