scholarly journals Multiple Sensory-Motor Pathways Lead to Coordinated Visual Attention

2016 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 5-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen Yu ◽  
Linda B. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Visual Attention ◽  
Motor Pathways ◽  
Sensory Motor

scholarly journals E. coli chemotaxis is information-limited

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.H. Mattingly ◽  
K. Kamino ◽  
B.B. Machta ◽  
T. Emonet
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Information Acquisition ◽  
Environmental Information ◽  
Behavioral Performance ◽  
Theoretical Limit ◽  
Acquisition Rate ◽  
Motor Pathways ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Sensory Motor

AbstractOrganisms must acquire and use environmental information to guide their behaviors. However, it is unclear whether and how information quantitatively limits behavioral performance. Here, we relate information to behavioral performance in Escherichia coli chemotaxis. First, we derive a theoretical limit for the maximum achievable gradient-climbing speed given a cell’s information acquisition rate. Next, we measure cells’ gradient-climbing speeds and the rate of information acquisition by the chemotaxis pathway. We find that E. coli make behavioral decisions with much less than the 1 bit required to determine whether they are swimming up-gradient. However, they use this information efficiently, performing near the theoretical limit. Thus, information can limit organisms’ performance, and sensory-motor pathways may have evolved to efficiently use information from the environment.

Stuttering

1981 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald N. Zimmermann ◽  
Anne Smith ◽  
John M. Hanley
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Motor Pathways ◽  
Physiological Variables ◽  
Control Processes ◽  
Sensory Motor ◽  
Muscle Groups ◽  
Similar Motor ◽  
Therapeutic Considerations

Perceptually fluent and disfluent speech reflect a continuum of coordination and can be best understood in terms of similar motor control processes. Speech movements may be considered to result from the interaction of inputs to motoneuron pools which alter the tuning of sensory-motor pathways and triggering inputs to specific muscles and muscle groups. A disorder in coordination may occur when any of these inputs is aberrantly affected by psychological, psychosocial or physiological variables. Specific phenomena associated with stuttering--adaptation, masking, whispering and voicing deviations--are interpreted in terms of these neuromotor processes. Therapeutic considerations are discussed.

scholarly journals The Effect of Bio/Neurofeedback Training on Performance, Audio and Visual Attention in Elite Shooters

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 85-90
Author(s):  
Farzaneh Bagheri asl
Keyword(s):  
Visual Attention ◽  
Training Group ◽  
Biofeedback Training ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Neurofeedback Training ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Sensory Motor ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Respiratory Training

The aim of this study was the effect of Bio/Neurofeedback training on performance, audio and visual attention of elite shooters. In this study 36 elite shooters of Kermanshah Province participated. They divided in three groups. Two groups were experimental groups how participated biofeedback and neurofeedback training and one group was control group. All participants were tried that their trainings as well as the number of shoots were closely controlled in order to assure their physical and special trainings. In this study, for attention affects the computerized Integrated Visual and Auditory test (IVA) was used. This test has been considered as both a pretest and a posttest after the therapeutic intervention in three groups. The score of shooting also were collected before and after intervention. Each athlete in neurofeedback training group carried out the neurofeedback training for 20 sessions, each lasting 45 minutes. To do so, both auricles and T3 and PZ of each individual were cleaned using alcohol and new-perp gel to prepare for the neurofeedback training. The biofeedback training was heart rate and respiratory training.  To compare the results of the pretest and the posttest in each group, the dependent t-test was used. For compare three groups we used ANOVA test. The significance level was set at 0.05. The results indicated that there is a significant difference in three groups. It indicates a significant increase in the total score for attention after the implementation of the biofeedback and neurofeedback training. The results showed that the attention mean scores in three visual, audio, and total variables were higher in the posttest than in the pretest for two experimental groups. The results also indicated that the scores of the shoots were improved after training.  According the research finding, we can be said that the neurofeedback and biofeedback  training act on the waves of the sensory-motor beats and which are responsible for coordinating the sensory-motor acts of the brain waves and physiology parameters (Heart and respiratory systems), and strengthen these waves in addition to the beta ones and rate of the heart and respiration. This leads to regulating the performance and attention.

Plasticity of Synaptic Connections in Sensory-Motor Pathways of the Adult Locust Flight System

1997 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 1276-1284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harald Wolf ◽  
Ansgar Büschges
Keyword(s):  
Electric Stimulation ◽  
Motor Pattern ◽  
Competitive Interactions ◽  
Synaptic Connections ◽  
Flight System ◽  
Motor Pathways ◽  
Synaptic Contacts ◽  
Locust Flight ◽  
Sensory Motor ◽  
Adult Locust

Wolf, Harald and Ansgar Büschges. Plasticity of synaptic connections in sensory-motor pathways of the adult locust flight system. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 1276–1284, 1997. We investigated possible roles of retrograde signals and competitive interactions in the lesion-induced reorganization of synaptic contacts in the locust CNS. Neuronal plasticity is elicited in the adult flight system by removal of afferents from the tegula, a mechanoreceptor organ at the base of the wing. We severed one hindwing organ and studied the resulting rearrangement of synaptic contacts between flight interneurons and afferent neurons from the remaining three tegulae (2 forewing, 1 hindwing). This was done by electric stimulation of afferents and intracellular recording from interneurons (and occasionally motoneurons). Two to three weeks after unilateral tegula lesion, connections between tegula afferents and flight interneurons were altered in the following way. 1) Axons from the forewing tegula on the operated side had established new synaptic contacts with metathoracic elevator interneurons. In addition, the amplitude of compound excitatory postsynaptic potentials elicited by electric stimulation was increased, indicating that a larger number of afferents connected to any given interneuron. 2) On the side contralateral to the lesion, connectivity between axons from the forewing tegula and elevator interneurons was decreased. 3) The efficacy of the (remaining) hindwing afferents appeared to be increased with regard to both synaptic transmission to interneurons and impact on flight motor pattern. 4) Flight motoneurons, which are normally restricted to the ipsilateral hemiganglion, sprouted across the ganglion midline after unilateral tegula removal and apparently established new synaptic contacts with tegula afferents on that side. The changes on the operated side are interpreted as occupation of synaptic space vacated on the interneurons by the severed hindwing afferents. On the contralateral side, the changes in synaptic contact must be elicited by retrograde signals from bilaterally arborizing flight interneurons, because tegula projections remain strictly ipsilateral. The pattern of changes suggests competitive interactions between forewing and hindwing afferents. The present investigation thus presents evidence that the CNS of the mature locust is capable of extensive synaptic rearrangement in response to injury and indicates for the first time the action of retrograde signals from interneurons.

scholarly journals Author response: The functional organization of descending sensory-motor pathways in Drosophila

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shigehiro Namiki ◽  
Michael H Dickinson ◽  
Allan M Wong ◽  
Wyatt Korff ◽  
Gwyneth M Card
Keyword(s):  
Functional Organization ◽  
Author Response ◽  
Motor Pathways ◽  
Sensory Motor
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