Interactive Effects of Water Diversion and Climate Change for Juvenile Chinook Salmon in the Lemhi River Basin (U.S.A.)

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 1179-1189 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANNIKA W. WALTERS ◽  
KRISTA K. BARTZ ◽  
MICHELLE M. MCCLURE
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Water Diversion ◽  
Juvenile Chinook Salmon ◽  
Juvenile Chinook

Can behavioral fish-guidance devices protect juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) from entrainment into unscreened water-diversion pipes?

2014 ◽  
Vol 71 (8) ◽  
pp. 1209-1219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy D. Mussen ◽  
Oliver Patton ◽  
Dennis Cocherell ◽  
Ali Ercan ◽  
Hossein Bandeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Central Valley ◽  
Large River ◽  
Water Diversion ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Fish School ◽  
Juvenile Chinook Salmon ◽  
Juvenile Chinook ◽  
And Behavior

Entrainment through water-diversion structures is a major passage challenge for fishes in watersheds worldwide. Behavioral guidance devices may be effective in passing fish by diversion inlets, thereby decreasing entrainment without reducing water-diversion rates, but data on their effectiveness is limited. In California’s central valley, out-migrating Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) are a species at risk for entrainment through unscreened, small-scale water-diversion pipes. Therefore, we tested entrainment susceptibility and behavior of juvenile Chinook salmon in a large-river-simulation flume at a “river” velocity of 0.15 m·s–1 with a 0.46 m diameter pipe diverting water at 0.57 m3·s–1, during the day and night. Compared with control conditions (no fish deterrent devices present), mean fish entrainment increased by 61% (day) and 43% (night) when underwater strobe lights were active, decreased by 30% when using a metal vibrating (12 Hz) ring during the night, and was unaffected by velocity cap attachments. Fish entrainments started at water velocities of 0.8 m·s–1 and decreased by 54% from spring to summer, possibly resulting from decreased pipe-passage frequency and smaller fish-school sizes. Our findings suggest that substantial entrainment can occur if fish repeatedly pass within 1.5 m of active unscreened diversions, with an estimated 50% of fish lost after encountering 18 pipes in spring and 50 pipes in summer.

Importance of large woody debris for juvenile chinook salmon habitat in small boreal forest streams in the upper Yukon River basin, Canada

2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (9) ◽  
pp. 1955-1966 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brent Mossop ◽  
Michael J Bradford
Keyword(s):  
Boreal Forest ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Large Woody Debris ◽  
Juvenile Chinook Salmon ◽  
Yukon River ◽  
Yukon River Basin ◽  
Juvenile Chinook ◽  
Forest Streams

The importance of large woody debris (LWD) in forested stream ecosystems is well documented. However, little is known about LWD in northern boreal forest streams. We investigated the abundance, characteristics, and function of LWD in 13 small tributary streams of the upper Yukon River basin, Yukon Territory, Canada. LWD abundance was similar to values reported from temperate regions, whereas LWD size and total volume were well below values for the Pacific Northwest. LWD formed 28% of the pools, which provide important habitat for juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Walbaum). The median diameter of pool-forming pieces was 17 cm, and ring counts on fallen riparian trees indicated that pool-forming pieces were likely 70–200 years old when downed. Juvenile chinook salmon density was correlated with LWD abundance in our study reaches. We conclude that despite differences in climate and forest type, LWD in Yukon streams and LWD in temperate regions appear to perform a similar function in creating fish habitat. Resource managers should consider the relatively slow tree growth and thus potentially long recovery times following human disturbances in these watersheds.

Costs of living for juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in an increasingly warming and invaded world

2012 ◽  
Vol 69 (10) ◽  
pp. 1621-1630 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren M. Kuehne ◽  
Julian D. Olden ◽  
Jeffrey J. Duda
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Multiple Stressors ◽  
Freshwater Ecosystems ◽  
Smallmouth Bass ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Physiological Indicators ◽  
Juvenile Chinook Salmon ◽  
Juvenile Chinook

Rapid environmental change in freshwater ecosystems has created a need to understand the interactive effects of multiple stressors, with temperature and invasive predators identified as key threats to imperiled fish species. We tested the separate and interactive effects of water temperature and predation by non-native smallmouth bass ( Micropterus dolomieu ) on the lethal (mortality) and sublethal (behavior, physiology, and growth) effects for juvenile Chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ) in seminatural stream channel experiments. Over 48 h trials, there was no difference in direct predation with warmer temperatures, but significant interactive effects on sublethal responses of juvenile salmon. Warmer temperatures resulted in significantly stronger and more variable antipredator responses (surface shoaling and swimming activity), while physiological indicators (plasma glucose, plasma cortisol) suggested suppression of physiological mechanisms in response to the combined stressors. These patterns corresponded with additive negative growth in predation, temperature, and combined treatments. Our results suggest that chronic increases in temperature may not increase direct predation over short periods, but can result in significant sublethal costs with negative implications for long-term development, disease resistance, and subsequent size-selective mortality of Pacific salmon.

Modified Water Diversion Structures Can Behaviorally Deter Juvenile Chinook Salmon from Entrainment

2015 ◽  
Vol 144 (5) ◽  
pp. 1070-1080 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy D. Mussen ◽  
Dennis E. Cocherell ◽  
Oliver Patton ◽  
Denisse Jauregui ◽  
Ali Ercan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Water Diversion ◽  
Juvenile Chinook Salmon ◽  
Juvenile Chinook

Fine-scale taxonomic and temporal variability in the energy density of invertebrate prey of juvenile Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha

2020 ◽  
Vol 655 ◽  
pp. 185-198
Author(s):  
J Weil ◽  
WDP Duguid ◽  
F Juanes
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Temporal Variability ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Fine Scale ◽  
Temporal Differences ◽  
Juvenile Chinook Salmon ◽  
Juvenile Chinook

Variation in the energy content of prey can drive the diet choice, growth and ultimate survival of consumers. In Pacific salmon species, obtaining sufficient energy for rapid growth during early marine residence is hypothesized to reduce the risk of size-selective mortality. In order to determine the energetic benefit of feeding choices for individuals, accurate estimates of energy density (ED) across prey groups are required. Frequently, a single species is assumed to be representative of a larger taxonomic group or related species. Further, single-point estimates are often assumed to be representative of a group across seasons, despite temporal variability. To test the validity of these practices, we sampled zooplankton prey of juvenile Chinook salmon to investigate fine-scale taxonomic and temporal differences in ED. Using a recently developed model to estimate the ED of organisms using percent ash-free dry weight, we compared energy content of several groups that are typically grouped together in growth studies. Decapod megalopae were more energy rich than zoeae and showed family-level variability in ED. Amphipods showed significant species-level variability in ED. Temporal differences were observed, but patterns were not consistent among groups. Bioenergetic model simulations showed that growth rate of juvenile Chinook salmon was almost identical when prey ED values were calculated on a fine scale or on a taxon-averaged coarse scale. However, single-species representative calculations of prey ED yielded highly variable output in growth depending on the representative species used. These results suggest that the latter approach may yield significantly biased results.

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