Phenotypic characters of static homology increase phylogenetic stability under direct optimization of otherwise dynamic homology characters

Cladistics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 617-626
Author(s):  
Samuli Lehtonen
Keyword(s):  
Direct Optimization ◽  
Phenotypic Characters ◽  
Dynamic Homology

scholarly journals Is the Genotype-Phenotype Map Modular?: A Statistical Approach Using Mouse Quantitative Trait Loci Data

Genetics ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 156 (1) ◽  
pp. 305-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason G Mezey ◽  
James M Cheverud ◽  
Günter P Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Trait Loci ◽  
Quantitative Trait ◽  
Statistical Approach ◽  
Genetic Effects ◽  
Statistical Distribution ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Alveolar Region ◽  
Phenotypic Characters ◽  
Statistical Support ◽  
Complex Characters

Abstract Various theories about the evolution of complex characters make predictions about the statistical distribution of genetic effects on phenotypic characters, also called the genotype-phenotype map. With the advent of QTL technology, data about these distributions are becoming available. In this article, we propose simple tests for the prediction that functionally integrated characters have a modular genotype-phenotype map. The test is applied to QTL data on the mouse mandible. The results provide statistical support for the notion that the ascending ramus region of the mandible is modularized. A data set comprising the effects of QTL on a more extensive portion of the phenotype is required to determine if the alveolar region of the mandible is also modularized.

scholarly journals Fruit Quality Characters of Myrtle (Myrtus communis L.) Selections: Review of a Domestication Process

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 8785
Author(s):  
Silvia Medda ◽  
Maurizio Mulas
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Phenotypic Selection ◽  
Second Step ◽  
Myrtus Communis ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Phenotypic Characters ◽  
Myrtus Communis L ◽  
Mother Plants ◽  
Domestication Process ◽  
Fruit Characters

Interest in myrtle (Myrtus communis L.) by food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutic industries generated the integration of biomasses harvested from wild populations as raw materials with yields of cultivated orchards. The domestication process is reviewed considering shoot, fruit, and leaf biometric characters of selections obtained in three steps of the program. The first step started in Sardinia (Italy) in 1995 by the analysis of wild germplasm variability. Seventy accessions were the object of the first studied population of mother plants. Agamic propagation tests, as well quality evaluations of fruit and leaves, were integrated into the first step. In the second step, a field of comparison of forty-two agamically propagated cultivars functional to biomass production and to food uses was planted and evaluated for phenotypic characters. In the third step, a new population of twenty selections was obtained by open cross-pollination of some of the cultivars and further phenotypic selection in seedling population. In this review, the three populations are compared for biometric shoot, leaves and fruit characters, in order to verify the pressure of domestication process on these traits. Wild populations showed high variability only partially used during the first step, while the hybridization may create new variability for use in the genetic improvement of myrtle.

scholarly journals Molecular Phylogenetic Diversity and Biological Characterization of Diaporthe Species Associated with Leaf Spots of Camellia sinensis in Taiwan

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1434
Author(s):  
Hiran A. Ariyawansa ◽  
Ichen Tsai ◽  
Jian-Yuan Wang ◽  
Patchareeya Withee ◽  
Medsaii Tanjira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Camellia Sinensis ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Tea Leaves ◽  
Phenotypic Characters ◽  
Leaf Spots ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic

Camellia sinensis is one of the major crops grown in Taiwan and has been widely cultivated around the island. Tea leaves are prone to various fungal infections, and leaf spot is considered one of the major diseases in Taiwan tea fields. As part of a survey on fungal species causing leaf spots on tea leaves in Taiwan, 19 fungal strains morphologically similar to the genus Diaporthe were collected. ITS (internal transcribed spacer), tef1-α (translation elongation factor 1-α), tub2 (beta-tubulin), and cal (calmodulin) gene regions were used to construct phylogenetic trees and determine the evolutionary relationships among the collected strains. In total, six Diaporthe species, including one new species, Diaporthe hsinchuensis, were identified as linked with leaf spot of C. sinensis in Taiwan based on both phenotypic characters and phylogeny. These species were further characterized in terms of their pathogenicity, temperature, and pH requirements under laboratory conditions. Diaporthe tulliensis, D. passiflorae, and D. perseae were isolated from C. sinensis for the first time. Furthermore, pathogenicity tests revealed that, with wound inoculation, only D. hongkongensis was pathogenic on tea leaves. This investigation delivers the first assessment of Diaporthe taxa related to leaf spots on tea in Taiwan.

Well Placement Technique and Production Optimization for Mature Field - A Case Study of L-X Field

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 168-179
Author(s):  
Patrick Nwafor ◽  
Kelani Bello
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Optimization Technique ◽  
Optimal Solution ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Optimization Method ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Production Optimization ◽  
Direct Optimization ◽  
Well Placement ◽  
Local Optimal Solution

A Well placement is a well-known technique in the oil and gas industry for production optimization and are generally classified into local and global methods. The use of simulation software often deployed under the direct optimization technique called global method. The production optimization of L-X field which is at primary recovery stage having five producing wells was the focus of this work. The attempt was to optimize L-X field using a well placement technique.The local methods are generally very efficient and require only a few forward simulations but can get stuck in a local optimal solution. The global methods avoid this problem but require many forward simulations. With the availability of simulator software, such problem can be reduced thus using the direct optimization method. After optimization an increase in recovery factor of over 20% was achieved. The results provided an improvement when compared with other existing methods from the literatures.

scholarly journals Rapid song divergence leads to discordance between genetic distance and phenotypic characters important in reproductive isolation

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 716-731 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuel C. Nwankwo ◽  
Chryso Th. Pallari ◽  
Louis Hadjioannou ◽  
Andreas Ioannou ◽  
Ronald K. Mulwa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Isolation ◽  
Genetic Distance ◽  
Phenotypic Characters ◽  
Song Divergence

Morphological and molecular evidence places Maronina into synonymy with Protoparmelia (Ascomycota: Lecanorales)

2011 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 561-567 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. PAPONG ◽  
G. KANTVILAS ◽  
H. T. LUMBSCH
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequence ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
Genetic Distances ◽  
Molecular Evidence ◽  
New Combinations ◽  
Secondary Chemistry ◽  
Phenotypic Characters ◽  
Dna Sequence Data ◽  
Phylogenetic Placement

AbstractThe phylogenetic placement of the genus Maronina was studied, based chiefly on phenotypic characters such as thallus colour and anatomy, secondary chemistry, the anatomy of the excipulum and the ascus-type. DNA sequence data of mitochondrial and nuclear ribosomal loci from some of the species support the hypothesis that Maronina is nested within Protoparmelia. Hence, Maronina is reduced to synonymy with Protoparmelia. Comparison of genetic distances suggests that the two varieties within M. orientalis should be regarded as distinct species. Consequently, the new combinations Protoparmelia australiensis (Hafellner & R. W. Rogers) Kantvilas et al., P. corallifera (Kantvilas & Papong) Kantvilas et al., P. hesperia (Kantvilas & Elix) Kantvilas et al., P. multifera (Nyl.) Kantvilas et al., and P. orientalis (Kantvilas & Papong) Kantvilas et al. are proposed.

Back Analysis Methods in Geotechnical Engineering

2014 ◽  
Vol 1020 ◽  
pp. 423-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Hrubesova ◽  
Marek Mohyla
Keyword(s):  
Rock Mass ◽  
Geotechnical Engineering ◽  
Back Analysis ◽  
Rheological Parameters ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Direct Optimization ◽  
Initial Stress State ◽  
Analytical Functions ◽  
Is Evaluation

The paper deals with the back analysis method in geotechnical engineering, that goal is evaluation the more objective and reliable parameters of the rock mass on the basis of in-situ measurements. Stress, deformational, strength and rheological parameters of the rock mass are usually determined by some inaccuracies and errors arising from the complexity and variability of the rock mass. This higher or lower degree of imprecision is reflected in the reliability of the mathematical modelling results. The paper presents the utilization of direct optimization back analysis method, based on the theory of analytical functions of complex variable and Kolosov-Muschelischvili relations, to the evaluation of initial stress state inside the rock massif.

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