Effects in Disguise: The Importance of Controlling for Constructs at Multiple Levels in Macro–Level Immigration and Crime Research

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 1100-1118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Ramos ◽  
Marin Wenger
Keyword(s):  
Poisson Regression ◽  
Levels Of Analysis ◽  
Immigrant Communities ◽  
Prior Work ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City ◽  
Level Of Analysis ◽  
Immigration And Crime

Contemporary research suggests that immigrant communities often have lower rates of crime despite their disadvantaged status. Yet prior work often examines the immigration and crime association using only one level of analysis without regard for how this relationship might vary when analyzed across multiple levels of analysis simultaneously. Research also suggests that the immigration–crime link varies across spatial contexts. Using hierarchical Poisson Regression among a sample of 6,660 tracts nested within 55 cities, we examine whether the relationship between immigration and crime varies when examined at the tract and city levels simultaneously. We also include a cross–level interaction in our model to test whether the tract–level association between immigration and crime varies by the size of the foreign–born population at the city level. Results show that the immigration–crime link depends on the level of analysis, such that the relationship is positive at the tract level but negative at the city level. However, we find no support for our cross–level interaction.

Nationality diversity and leader–Member exchange at multiple levels of analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaun Pichler ◽  
Beth Livingston ◽  
Andrew Yu ◽  
Arup Varma ◽  
Pawan Budhwar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multilevel Model ◽  
Deep Level ◽  
Levels Of Analysis ◽  
Leader Member Exchange ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Surface Level ◽  
Member Exchange ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Nationality Diversity

PurposeThe diversity literature has yet to investigate relationships between diversity and leader–member exchanges (LMX) at multiple levels of analysis. The purpose of this paper is to test a multilevel model of nationality diversity and LMX. In doing so, the authors investigate the role of surface- and deep-level diversity as related to leader–member exchange differentiation (LMXD) and relative LMX (RLMX), and hence to subordinate job performance.Design/methodology/approachThe authors test a multilevel model of diversity and LMX using multisource survey data from subordinates nesting within supervisors. The authors do so in a context where diversity in nationality is pervasive and plays a key role in LMXs, i.e., a multinational organization in Dubai. The authors tested the cross-level moderated model using MPlus.FindingsThe results suggest surface-level similarity is more important to RLMX than deep-level similarity. The relationship between surface-level similarity and RLMX is moderated by workgroup nationality diversity. When workgroups are more diverse, there is a positive relationship between dyadic nationality similarity and RLMX; when workgroups are less diverse, similarity in nationality matters less. Moreover, LMXD at the workgroup level moderates the relationship between RLMX and performance at the individual level.Originality/valueThis study is one of very few to examine both diversity and LMX at multiple levels of analysis. This is the first study to test the workgroup diversity as a cross-level moderator of the relationship between deep-level similarity and LMX. The results challenge the prevailing notion that that deep-level similarity is more strongly related to LMX than surface-level diversity.

The First Decade of the Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health: A Critical Review

1993 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslea Peirson ◽  
Richard Walsh-Bowers
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Community Mental Health ◽  
Canadian Journal ◽  
Levels Of Analysis ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Female Authors ◽  
Research Relationship ◽  
Academic Settings ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
Level Of Analysis

The purpose of our study is to describe the major features of the articles published in the first decade of the Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health (CJCMH). We examined all 194 articles published in 1982 through 1991 with respect to seven dimensions: authors' gender, authors' affiliation, collaboration, article categories, levels of analysis, populations of interest, and the research relationship. Our findings suggest that: (a) CJCMH has provided increasingly more opportunities for female authors over the years; (b) authors have typically been affiliated with academic settings; (c) the majority of articles were written collaboratively; (d) a minority of articles pertain to empirical research; (e) most empirically based articles employed an individual level of analysis methodologically, while overall authors' interpretations primarily reflect multiple levels of analysis; (f) consumers/survivors represent the population most often investigated; and (g) CJCMH authors are not providing much useful information regarding the research relationship. We conclude that CJCMH authors, reviewers, and editors must continue to consider and incorporate the key values and concepts of community mental health when preparing and soliciting articles for publication.

scholarly journals Privacy regulation, Spatial culture and Communities in a communally diverse city: Ghadames, Libya

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Farag A El-agouri ◽  
Vail Karakale
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Configuration ◽  
Privacy Regulation ◽  
Ground Floor ◽  
Levels Of Detail ◽  
Embedded Model ◽  
Spatial System ◽  
Physical Elements ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City ◽  
Level Of Analysis

Space syntax, the analytical tool of this study, is a set of techniques for representation and quantification of spatial patterns of buildings. In this paper quantitative analysis is performed in order to observe the relationship between privacy as cultural specific and the spatial configuration of the settlement in the city of Ghadames.The analysis is conducted on two levels of detail. Level of the whole Ghadames including three unconventional axial maps representing ground floor (male domain), upper floor (female domain), and the whole spatial system with entrances of buildings embedded. The second level of analysis covers nine sites representing three different cultural communities within Ghadames( Arab, Barbar and Tuarg). These community areas are analyzed as embedded within the city (embedded model) and as separated (cut out model).Analysis results indicate that ground floor (male domain) seems to be more locally and globally integrated than that of upper floor (female domain). Moreover, spaces of ground floor are more visually connected than the upper floor, which reveals that greater possibility in route choice for the users of ground floor. Their movement from one place to another is less restricted than that of the female in upper floor. Furthermore the results show that mechanisms are the physical elements that facilitate or impede privacy regulation in the city and/or enable users themselves to regulate privacy through their own locales.

Developmental language learning impairments

2002 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 559-579 ◽  
Author(s):  
PAULA TALLAL ◽  
APRIL A. BENASICH
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Language Impairment ◽  
Unknown Origin ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Levels Of Analysis ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Social Emotional ◽  
Learning Impairments ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
Level Of Analysis

Developmental language learning impairments (LLI) are one of the most prevalent of all developmental disabilities, can occur in children for a wide variety of reasons, and have been shown to co-occur frequently with other developmental social, emotional and behavioral disorders, as well as with academic achievement problems. Research pertaining to developmental LLI of unknown origin, with an emphasis on the continuum between oral and written language impairment, is the focus of this review. Given the complexity of language learning, research has focused on multiple levels of analysis, including linguistic, neuropsychological, genetic, neurobiological, and remediation studies. To date, the vast majority of data on LLI derive from studies focused on a single level of analysis. Although attempts have been made to integrate data across studies and multiple levels of analysis, this has proven to be problematic, given the heterogeneity of the subject populations used to study LLI, as well as the differences in ages, degree of impairment, and types of impairment included in each study. Given that LLI is a complex developmental disability, it is suggested that future research would benefit from taking a multiple levels of analysis approach with the same individuals, incorporating mathematical models designed to analyze dynamically changing complex systems, and studying individual differences in language learning, prospectively and longitudinally, throughout the most dynamic stages of the process.

Organizational Identity and Innovation

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Callen Anthony ◽  
Mary Tripsas
Keyword(s):  
Technological Change ◽  
Organizational Identity ◽  
Levels Of Analysis ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Management Of Innovation ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
Fundamental Tension ◽  
The Relationship

Though much work has studied organizational identity and the management of innovation, very little work explores the connection between them. Yet we argue that these separate conversations yield implications for one another and offer a rich area for future research. By its nature, innovation is about novelty and change, while identity is rooted in stability and endurance. This contrast creates a fundamental tension, which we explore. We propose that innovative activities like technological change fall on a spectrum from identity-enhancing to identity-stretching to identity-challenging. Both identity-enhancing and identity-stretching innovations result in a mutually constitutive dynamic in which identity and innovation reinforce each other. Identity-challenging innovations, however, create organizational discord and dysfunctional dynamics unless realigned with identity. We discuss the implications of these varying states and call for future research that builds upon and extends our understanding of the relationship between identity and innovation across multiple levels of analysis.

scholarly journals The Effects of Corruption in Entrepreneurial Ecosystems on Entrepreneurial Intentions

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 88
Author(s):  
Ceresia ◽  
Mendola
Keyword(s):  
National Level ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intentions ◽  
Government Policies ◽  
Levels Of Analysis ◽  
Exact Nature ◽  
Entrepreneurial Ecosystem ◽  
Psychological Mechanism ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Level Of Analysis

Although researchers have identified corruption as a factor capable of affecting the entrepreneurial ecosystem at the national level of analysis, scholars have reported conflicting results regarding the exact nature of the relationship between corruption and entrepreneurial intentions. This paper formulates some propositions about the complex relationship between corruption and entrepreneurship at different levels of analysis and it suggests and explores the socio-cultural consequences of such domains’ interactions. Finally, the slippery-slope effect will be discussed as an intra-individual psychological mechanism that could explain why even morally-engaged people might replicate corrupt behaviors. The limitations of this work, and its implications for future researchers and for government policies will be analyzed.

scholarly journals Multi-fidelity optimization via surrogate modelling

2007 ◽  
Vol 463 (2088) ◽  
pp. 3251-3269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander I.J Forrester ◽  
András Sóbester ◽  
Andy J Keane
Keyword(s):  
Gaussian Process ◽  
Search Space ◽  
Levels Of Analysis ◽  
Variance Estimator ◽  
Surrogate Modelling ◽  
Exchange Algorithm ◽  
Wing Optimization ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
Intuitive Manner ◽  
Level Of Analysis

This paper demonstrates the application of correlated Gaussian process based approximations to optimization where multiple levels of analysis are available, using an extension to the geostatistical method of co-kriging . An exchange algorithm is used to choose which points of the search space to sample within each level of analysis. The derivation of the co-kriging equations is presented in an intuitive manner, along with a new variance estimator to account for varying degrees of computational ‘noise’ in the multiple levels of analysis. A multi-fidelity wing optimization is used to demonstrate the methodology.

Crime and Enforcement in Immigrant Neighborhoods

2012 ◽  
Vol 641 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Garth Davies ◽  
Jeffrey Fagan
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Crime Rates ◽  
Recent Theory ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
The Face ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Immigrant Neighborhoods ◽  
Immigration And Crime

Immigration and crime have received much popular and political attention in the past decade and have been a focus of episodic social attention for much of the history of the United States. Recent policy and legal discourse suggests that the stigmatic link between immigrants and crime has endured, even in the face of evidence to the contrary. This study addresses the relationship between immigration and crime in urban settings, focusing on areal units where immigrants tend to cluster spatially as well as socially. The authors ask whether immigration creates risks or benefits for neighborhoods in terms of lower crime rates. The question is animated in part by a durable claim in criminology that areas with large immigrant populations are burdened by elevated levels of social disorder and crime. In contrast, more recent theory and research suggest that “immigrant neighborhoods” may simply be differentially organized and function in a manner that reduces the incidence of crime. Accordingly, this research investigates whether immigrants are associated with differences in area crime rates. In addition, the authors ask whether there are differences in the effects of immigration on neighborhood crime rates by the racial and ethnic makeup of the foreign-born populations. Finally, the authors examine the effects of immigration on patterns of enforcement.

Wenn stadtpolitische Bewegungen das Terrain des Staats betreten

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (191) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Diesselhorst
Keyword(s):  
Social Movements ◽  
City Government ◽  
Housing Policies ◽  
Hierarchical Decision Making ◽  
Urban Social Movements ◽  
State Apparatus ◽  
Hierarchical Decision ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City

This article discusses the struggles of urban social movements for a de-neoliberalisation of housing policies in Poulantzian terms as a “condensation of the relationship of forces”. Drawing on an empirical analysis of the “Berliner Mietenvolksentscheid” (Berlin rent referendum), which was partially successful in forcing the city government of Berlin to adopt a more progressive housing policy, the article argues that urban social movements have the capacity to challenge neoliberal housing regimes. However, the specific materiality of the state apparatus and its strategic selectivity both limit the scope of intervention for social movements aiming at empowerment and non-hierarchical decision-making.

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