Water fluoridation, dental caries and parental ratings of child oral health

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Anthony Foley ◽  
Christopher Sexton ◽  
Andrew John Spencer ◽  
Ratilal Lalloo ◽  
Loc Giang Do
Keyword(s):  
Oral Health ◽  
Dental Caries ◽  
Water Fluoridation ◽  
Parental Ratings ◽  
Child Oral Health

scholarly journals Association between maternal and child oral health and dental caries in Korea

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sun-Mi Lee ◽  
Han-Na Kim ◽  
Jung-Ha Lee ◽  
Jin-Bom Kim
Keyword(s):  
Oral Health ◽  
Dental Caries ◽  
Child Oral Health

scholarly journals Caregiver's Education Level and Child's Dental Caries in African Americans: A Path Analytic Study

2015 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masahiro Heima ◽  
Wonik Lee ◽  
Peter Milgrom ◽  
Suchita Nelson
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Oral Health ◽  
Dental Caries ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Routine Care ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Caries Experience ◽  
Dental Visits ◽  
Caregiver Education ◽  
Child Oral Health

The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of caregiver education level on children's dental caries mediated by both caregiver and child oral health behaviors. Participants were 423 low-income African American kindergarteners and their caregivers who were part of a school-based randomized clinical trial. Path analysis tested the hypothesis that caregiver education level affected untreated dental caries and cumulative overall caries experience (decayed or filled teeth) through the mediating influence of frequency of dental visits, use of routine care, and frequency of toothbrushing for both the caregiver and the child. The results supported the hypothesis: caregivers who completed high school were 1.76 times more likely to visit dentists compared with those who did not complete high school (e0.56 = 1.76, 95% CI: 1.03-2.99), which in turn was associated with 5.78 times greater odds of dental visits among their children (e1.76 = 5.78, 95% CI: 3.53-9.48). Children's dental visits, subsequently, were associated with 26% fewer untreated decayed teeth compared with children without dental visits (e-0.31 = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.60-0.91). However, this path was not present in the model with overall caries experience. Additionally, caregiver education level was directly associated with 34% less untreated decayed teeth (e-0.42 = 0.66, 95% CI: 0.54-0.79) and 28% less decayed or filled teeth (e-0.32 = 0.72, 95% CI: 0.60-0.88) among the children. This study overcomes important conceptual and analytic limitations in the existing literature. The findings confirm the role of caregiver education in child dental caries and indicate that caregiver's behavioral factors are important mediators of child oral health.

scholarly journals Modifiable Factors Explain Socioeconomic Inequalities in Children’s Dental Caries

2019 ◽  
Vol 98 (11) ◽  
pp. 1211-1218 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A. Peres ◽  
X. Ju ◽  
M. Mittinty ◽  
A.J. Spencer ◽  
L.G. Do
Keyword(s):  
Oral Health ◽  
Dental Caries ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Socioeconomic Inequalities ◽  
Permanent Dentition ◽  
Caries Experience ◽  
Water Fluoridation ◽  
Sugar Consumption ◽  
Dental Visits ◽  
Modifiable Factors

The aim of this article was to quantify socioeconomic inequalities in dental caries experience among Australian children and to identify factors that explain area-level socioeconomic inequalities in children’s dental caries. We used data from the National Child Oral Health Survey conducted in Australia between 2012 and 2014 ( n = 24,664). Absolute and relative indices of socioeconomic inequalities in the dental caries experience in primary and permanent dentition (decayed, missing, and filled surfaces [dmfs] and DMFS, respectively) were estimated. In the first stage, we conducted multilevel negative binomial regressions to test the association between area-level Index of Relative Socioeconomic Advantage and Disadvantage (IRSAD) and dental caries experience (dmfs for 5- to 8-y-olds and DMFS for 9- to 14-y-olds) after adjustment for water fluoridation status, sociodemographics, oral health behaviors, pattern of dental visits, and sugar consumption. In the second stage, we performed Blinder-Oaxaca and Neumark decomposition analyses to identify factors that explain most of the area-level socioeconomic inequalities in dental caries. Children had a mean dmfs of 3.14 and a mean DMFS of 0.98 surfaces. Children living in the most disadvantaged and intermediately disadvantaged areas had 1.96 (95% confidence interval, 1.69–2.27) and 1.45 (1.26–1.68) times higher mean dmfs and 1.53 (1.36–1.72) and 1.43 (1.27–1.60) times higher mean DMFS than those living in the most advantaged areas, respectively. Water fluoridation status (33.6%), sugar consumption (22.1%), parental educational level (14.2%), and dental visit patterns (12.7%) were the main factors explaining area-level socioeconomic inequalities in dental caries in permanent dentition. Among all the factors considered, the factors that contributed most in explaining inequalities in primary dental caries were dental visits (30.3%), sugar consumption (20.7%), household income (20.0%), and water fluoridation status (15.9%). The inverse area-level socioeconomic inequality in dental caries was mainly explained by modifiable risk factors, such as lack of fluoridated water, high sugar consumption, and an unfavorable pattern of dental visits.

Oral Health Inequalities among Indigenous and Non-Indigenous Children

2020 ◽  
pp. 238008442093904
Author(s):  
D. Haag ◽  
H. Schuch ◽  
D. Ha ◽  
L. Do ◽  
L. Jamieson
Keyword(s):  
Oral Health ◽  
Dental Caries ◽  
Health Inequalities ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Caries Experience ◽  
The Social ◽  
Indigenous Children ◽  
Index Of Inequality ◽  
Disease Experience ◽  
Child Oral Health

Introduction: Our ability to address child oral health inequalities would be greatly facilitated by a more nuanced understanding of whether underlying disease experience or treatment opportunities account for a larger share of differences between social groups. This is particularly relevant in the context of population subgroups who are socially marginalized, such as Australia’s Indigenous population. The decayed, missing, and filled (dmf) surfaces index is at once a reflection of dental caries experience (d) and its management (m and f). Objectives: To 1) describe socioeconomic inequalities in dental caries experience and its management among Indigenous and non-Indigenous children and 2) compare these inequalities using absolute and relative measures. Methods: Data were from the Australian National Child Oral Health Study 2012–2014. Absolute and relative income inequalities were assessed for overall dmfs and its individual components (ds, ms, fs) using adjusted means and health disparity indices (Slope Index of Inequality [SII] and Relative Index of Inequality [RII]). Results: Mean dmfs among Indigenous children aged 5 to 10 y was 6.4 (95% confidence interval [CI], 5.4–7.4), ranging from 2.3 in the highest to 9.1 in the lowest income group. Mean dmfs among non-Indigenous children was 2.9 (95% CI, 2.8–3.1), ranging from 1.9 in the highest to 4.2 in the lowest income group. Age- and gender-adjusted social gradients for Indigenous children were evident across all dmfs components but were particularly notable for ds (SII = −4.6, RII = −1.7) and fs (SII = −3.2, RII = −1.5). The social gradients for non-Indigenous children were much lower in magnitude: ds (SII = −1.8, RII = −1.6) and fs (SII = −0.7, RII = −0.5). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that socioeconomic disadvantage may translate into both higher disease experience and increased use of dental services for both Indigenous and non-Indigenous groups, with the social gradients being much more amplified among Indigenous children. Knowledge Transfer Statement: The findings of this study demonstrate the magnitude of disparities in dental caries among children by population groups in Australia. Our results suggest that the relationship between socioeconomic disadvantage and poor oral health is more deleterious among Indigenous than non-Indigenous children. Tackling upstream determinants of health might not only affect population patterns of health and disease but also mitigate the overwhelming racial inequalities in oral health between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians.

A Causative Approach to Demographic and Socioeconomic Factors Affecting Parental Ratings of Child Oral Health

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-76
Author(s):  
M.A. Foley ◽  
A.J. Spencer ◽  
R. Lalloo ◽  
L.G. Do
Keyword(s):  
Oral Health ◽  
Directed Acyclic Graph ◽  
Causal Model ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Acyclic Graph ◽  
Education Levels ◽  
Parental Ratings ◽  
Child Oral Health

Introduction: Many studies have investigated associations between demographic, socioeconomic status (SES), behavioral, and clinical factors and parental ratings of child oral health. Caries experience, pain, missing teeth, malocclusions, and conditions and treatments likely to negatively affect the child or family in the future have been consistently associated with poorer parental ratings. In contrast, effect sizes for associations between demographic and SES indicators (race/ethnicity, country of birth, family structure, household income, employment status, and parental education levels) and parental ratings vary greatly. Objectives: The primary objectives of this study were to estimate effect sizes for associations between demographic and SES variables and parental ratings of child oral health and then to consider possible causal implications. Methods: This article uses a nationally representative data set from 24,664 Australian children aged 5 to 14 y, regression analyses guided by a directed acyclic graph causal model, and sensitivity analyses to investigate effects of demographic and SES factors on parental ratings of oral health. Results: One in 8 children had oral health rated as fair or poor by a parent. Indigenous children, older boys, young children with a migrant parent, children from single-parent families, low-income households and families where no parent worked full-time, and children whose parents had lower education levels were much more likely to receive a fair or poor parental oral health rating in crude and adjusted models. Conclusion: This cross-sectional study helps to clarify inconsistent findings from previous research and shows many demographic and SES variables to be strong determinants of parental ratings of child oral health, consistent with the effects of these variables on other health outcomes. Sensitivity analyses and consideration of the potential for chance and bias to have affected these findings suggest that many of these associations may be causal. Knowledge Transfer Statement: Based on regression analyses driven by a directed acyclic graph causal model, this research shows a strong impact of demographic and socioeconomic determinants on parental ratings of child oral health, consistent with associations between these variables and other oral and general health outcomes. Many of these associations may be causal. We demonstrate the value of causal models and causal thinking when analyzing complex multilevel observational data.

Maternal perception about child oral health is associated to child dental caries and to maternal self-report about oral health

2019 ◽  
Vol 77 (5) ◽  
pp. 359-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariana Gonzalez Cademartori ◽  
Natalia Baschirotto Custodio ◽  
Aline Lima Harter ◽  
Marilia Leão Goettems
Keyword(s):  
Oral Health ◽  
Dental Caries ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Maternal Perception ◽  
Child Oral Health

Oral Health Status in Relation to Nutritional Status among 9 years old school Children in Dewanyiah City/Iraq

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 80
Author(s):  
Dr. Zahraa Ali Al-Awadi ◽  
Dr. Baydaa Hussien Hussien
Keyword(s):  
Oral Health ◽  
Dental Caries ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Oral Health Status ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
Primary Dentition ◽  
Anthropometric Measurement ◽  
Oral Diseases ◽  
Gingival Health ◽  
Significant Difference

Background: Although they are not life threatening, dental caries and periodontaldisease are the most predominant and widely spread oral diseases throughout theworld. The aims of the study included the investigation of the prevalence andseverity of dental caries, gingivitis and dental plaque in relation to gender,furthermore, nutritional status was assessed in relation to oral health condition(dental caries).Materials and Methods: This oral health survey was conducted among primaryschool children aged 9 years old in Dewanyiah city in Iraq. The total samplecomposed of 600 child (320 males and 280 females) selected randomly fromdifferent school in Dewanyiah city. Diagnosis of dental caries was according tothe criteria described by WHO (1987). Plaque index of Silness and Loe (1964)was used for plaque assessment, gingival index of Loe and Silness (1963) wasfollowed for recording gingival health condition. Nutritional status was assessedaccording to body mass index (BMI) indicator using anthropometric measurement(height and weight).Results: Results showed that the prevalence of dental caries was 85% for 9 year-oldschool children. Regarding primary and permanent dentition, dental caries washigher among females compared to males with statistically significant difference(P<0.05) for primary dentition, on the other hand, males showed higher values offilled surfaces compared to females with statistically significant difference(P<0.05) for primary dentition and highly significant difference (P<0.01) forpermanent dentition. Finding of this study revealed that 100% of the children hadgingival inflammation. Furthermore, the values of plaque and gingival indiceswere higher among males compared to females with statistically highly significantdifferences (P<0.01). In current study, the prevalence of malnutrition described bythe BMI indicator was 5.3%. For total samples no significant difference wasrecorded in dmfs /DMFS values among wasting and well nourished children(P>0.05).Conclusion: A high prevalence of dental caries and gingivitis were recorded.Improvement in the prevention educational programs is needed among schoolchildren.

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