The power of a simple index of neighbourhood change: Challenging the perception that there is no such thing as simplicity in creating indexes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard Ramos ◽  
Lisa Kaida ◽  
Diana Singh ◽  
Paul Pritchard ◽  
Rochelle Wijesingha
Keyword(s):  
Simple Index ◽  
Neighbourhood Change

EFFECTS OF INONIZING RADIATION CAUSED HEAT STRESS ON THE HUMAN BODY FOR STANDARD ISO 7243

2013 ◽  
pp. 47-57
Author(s):  
Van Trong Le ◽  
Thi Tuyet Mai Nguyen ◽  
Thi Xuan Duyen Nguyen ◽  
Ba Luan Nguyen ◽  
Tuyen Pham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Risk Assessments ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Temperature Index ◽  
Wet Bulb Globe Temperature ◽  
Simple Index ◽  
Simple Tool ◽  
Results Management ◽  
Globe Temperature ◽  
Hot Environments

Objectives: Presents heat stress Standard ISO 7243, which is based upon the wet bulb globe temperature index (WBGT), and considers its suitability for use worldwide. Materials and Methods: The WBGT index are considered and how it is used in ISO 7243 and across the world as a simple index for monitoring and assessing hot environments. Results: Management systems, involving risk assessments, that take account of context and culture, are required to ensure successful use of the standard and global applicability. For use outdoors, a WBGT equation that includes solar absorptivity is recommended. A ‘clothed WBGT’ is proposed to account for the effects of clothing. Conclusion: ISO 7243 is a simple tool to assess the heat stress and may be applicated worldwide.

Simple Index to Assess the Calibration Quality of Safety Performance Functions Based on Multiple Goodness-of-Fit Metrics

2021 ◽  
pp. 036119812110088
Author(s):  
Raul E. Avelar ◽  
Karen Dixon ◽  
Boniphace Kutela ◽  
Sam Klump ◽  
Beth Wemple ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Synthetic Data ◽  
Calibration Procedure ◽  
Safety Performance ◽  
Absolute Deviation ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Safety Database ◽  
Simple Index ◽  
Safety Performance Functions

The calibration of safety performance functions (SPFs) is a mechanism included in the Highway Safety Manual (HSM) to adjust SPFs in the HSM for use in intended jurisdictions. Critically, the quality of the calibration procedure must be assessed before using the calibrated SPFs. Multiple resources to aid practitioners in calibrating SPFs have been developed in the years following the publication of the HSM 1st edition. Similarly, the literature suggests multiple ways to assess the goodness-of-fit (GOF) of a calibrated SPF to a data set from a given jurisdiction. This paper uses the calibration results of multiple intersection SPFs to a large Mississippi safety database to examine the relations between multiple GOF metrics. The goal is to develop a sensible single index that leverages the joint information from multiple GOF metrics to assess overall quality of calibration. A factor analysis applied to the calibration results revealed three underlying factors explaining 76% of the variability in the data. From these results, the authors developed an index and performed a sensitivity analysis. The key metrics were found to be, in descending order: the deviation of the cumulative residual (CURE) plot from the 95% confidence area, the mean absolute deviation, the modified R-squared, and the value of the calibration factor. This paper also presents comparisons between the index and alternative scoring strategies, as well as an effort to verify the results using synthetic data. The developed index is recommended to comprehensively assess the quality of the calibrated intersection SPFs.

Policing gentrification or policing displacement? Testing the relationship between order maintenance policing and neighbourhood change in Los Angeles

Urban Studies ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 004209802199335
Author(s):  
Charles R. Collins ◽  
Forrest Stuart ◽  
Patrick Janulis
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Police Department ◽  
Relative Displacement ◽  
Simultaneous Increase ◽  
Census Tracts ◽  
Order Maintenance ◽  
Neighbourhood Change ◽  
Number Of Citations

Urban scholars increasingly contend that local police departments play a central role in facilitating neighbourhood change. Recent critics warn that ‘order maintenance’ policing and other low-level law enforcement tactics are deployed in gentrifying areas to displace ‘disorderly’ populations. Despite influential qualitative case studies, there remains scant quantitative research testing this relationship, and few studies that evaluate the link between policing, displacement and gentrification. We address this lacuna, drawing on new citation data from the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) and employing a measure of neighbourhood change that focuses on the displacement of low-income residents. Examining policing patterns in 978 US Census tracts in Los Angeles over four years, our analysis reveals that tracts experiencing gentrification – defined as the simultaneous increase in non-poor residents and decrease in the number of people in poverty – experience a greater number of citations compared with other tract types. Similar patterns emerge in our analysis of citations that explicitly target homelessness and extreme poverty. In post-hoc analyses, we found that Census tracts characterised by a decrease in the number of people in poverty experienced greater numbers of total police citations and of citations targeting homeless individuals, compared with other tract types. These findings carry important theoretical implications for understanding the divergent manifestations of, and potential mechanisms driving, order maintenance policing. Methodologically, we contend that police citations provide a more precise measure of order maintenance policing compared with previous studies, and that classifying neighbourhoods in terms of relative displacement of residents in poverty provides much-needed interpretive clarity.

A Simple Index of Trophic Status in Estuaries and Coastal Bays Based on Measurements of pH and Dissolved Oxygen

2012 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 158-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shane O’Boyle ◽  
Georgina McDermott ◽  
Tone Noklegaard ◽  
Robert Wilkes
Keyword(s):  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Trophic Status ◽  
Coastal Bays ◽  
Simple Index

scholarly journals Mapping Urban Bare Land Automatically from Landsat Imagery with a Simple Index

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Li ◽  
Cuizhen Wang ◽  
Cheng Zhong ◽  
Aijun Su ◽  
Chengren Xiong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Landsat Imagery ◽  
Simple Index ◽  
Bare Land
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