scholarly journals Pathways of crime: Measuring crime concentration along urban roadways

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn Wuschke ◽  
Martin A. Andresen ◽  
Patricia L. Brantingham
Keyword(s):  
Crime Concentration

The geographic concentration of use of force incidents at subway stations mimics the law of crime concentration bandwidths: A research note

2020 ◽  
pp. 0032258X2092809
Author(s):  
Evan T Sorg ◽  
Kimberly A Houser ◽  
Carla Lewandowski ◽  
Natalie Schell-Busey
Keyword(s):  
Use Of Force ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Crime Concentration ◽  
Geographic Concentration ◽  
The Public ◽  
Pertinent Data ◽  
Law Of Crime Concentration ◽  
Risky Facilities ◽  
The Law ◽  
Subway Stations

The Law of Crime Concentration states that a small percent of microplaces will account for large portions of crime. In this research, we demonstrate that police use of force incidents likewise occur at a small percentage of subway stations in Philadelphia, a category of ‘risky facilities’, where crime concentration is also expected. Those percentages mimic the bandwidths of the Law of Crime Concentration. We sketch pertinent data collection needs and future research questions that should be explored if a crime and place perspective is to play a role in understanding and informing policies geared toward reducing the extent to which police use force against the public.

Crime Hot Spots

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Weisburd ◽  
Sean Wire
Keyword(s):  
Crime Prevention ◽  
Hot Spots ◽  
Routine Activity Theory ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Routine Activity ◽  
Crime Concentration ◽  
Hot Spots Policing ◽  
Crime Hot Spots ◽  
Criminology Of Place ◽  
Traditional Paradigm

Hot spots of crime, and the criminology of place more generally, deviate from the traditional paradigm of criminology, in which the primary assumption and goal is to explain who is likely to commit crime and their motivations, and to explore interventions aimed at reducing individual criminality. Alternatively, crime hot spots account for the “where” of crime, specifically referring to the concentration of crime in small geographic areas. The criminology of place demands a rethinking in regard to how we understand the crime problem and offers alternate ways to predict, explain, and prevent crime. While place, as large geographic units, has been important since the inception of criminology as a discipline, research examining crime concentrations at a micro-geographic level has only recently begun to be developed. This approach has been facilitated by improvements to data availability, technology, and the understanding of crime as a function of the environment. The new crime and place paradigm is rooted in the past three decades of criminological research centered on routine activity theory, crime concentrations, and hot spots policing. The focus on crime hot spots has led to several core empirical findings. First, crime is meaningfully concentrated, such that a large proportion of crime events occur at relatively few places within larger geographies like cities. This may be termed the law of crime concentration at places (see Weisburd, 2015). Additionally, most hot spots of crime are stable over time, and thus present promising opportunities for crime prevention. Crime hot spots vary within higher geographic units, suggesting both that there is a loss of information at higher levels of aggregation and that there are clear “micro communities” within the larger conceptualization of a neighborhood. Finally, crime at place is predictable, which is important for being able to understand why crime is concentrated in one place and not another, as well as to develop crime prevention strategies. These empirical characteristics of crime hot spots have led to the development of successful police interventions to reduce crime. These interventions are generally termed hot spots policing.

scholarly journals Violence and the crime drop

2020 ◽  
pp. 147737082091345
Author(s):  
Soenita M. Ganpat ◽  
Laura Garius ◽  
Andromachi Tseloni ◽  
Nick Tilley
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Crime Concentration ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Crime Drop ◽  
Weighted Data ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Stranger Violence

According to the Crime Survey for England and Wales, violence fell dramatically between 1995 and 2013/14. To improve understanding of the fall in violent crime, this study examines long-term crime trends in England and Wales over the past two decades, by scrutinizing the trends in (a) stranger and acquaintance violence, (b) severity of violence, (c) age groups, and (d) sexes. It draws on nationally representative, weighted data from the Crime Survey for England and Wales, and examines prevalence, incidence and crime concentration trends. The overall violence fall was driven by a decline in the victimization of young individuals and/or males perpetrated by acquaintances since 1995. Stranger and acquaintance violence followed different trajectories, with the former beginning to drop post 2003/4. Falls in both stranger and acquaintance violence incidence rates were led by a reduction in victims over time. Counting all incidents reported by the same victim (instead of capping at five incidents) significantly affects trends in stranger violence but not in acquaintance violence. In relation to the distributive justice within the crime drop, this study provides unique evidence of equitable falls in acquaintance violence but inequitable falls in stranger violence. These findings highlight the need to examine violence types separately and point to a number of areas for future research.

scholarly journals The Spatial Concentration and Dispersion of Homicide during a Period of Homicide Increase in Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 529
Author(s):  
Spencer P. Chainey ◽  
Franklin Epiphanio Gomes de Almeida
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Dispersion ◽  
Spatial Concentration ◽  
Crime Concentration ◽  
Cumulative Proportion ◽  
Effective Programs

This study applies the principles of measuring micro-place crime concentration and the spatial dispersion of crime increase to the geographic unit of cities in Brazil. We identify that a small number of cities account for a large cumulative proportion of homicides, and that during a period of homicide increase 30 cities out of 5570 accounted for the equivalent national increase in homicides. The majority of the 30 cities were not established high homicide cities but instead were new emerging centers of homicide that neighbor high homicide cities. We suggest the findings can be used to better target effective programs for decreasing homicides.

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