scholarly journals Spatial autocorrelation shapes liana distribution better than topography and host tree properties in a subtropical evergreen broadleaved forest in SW China

Biotropica ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao‐Long Bai ◽  
Qi Liu ◽  
Dharmalingam Mohandass ◽  
Min Cao ◽  
Han‐Dong Wen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Autocorrelation ◽  
Host Tree ◽  
Evergreen Broadleaved Forest ◽  
Sw China ◽  
Better Than

Accuracy Analysis of DEM Based on Coons Surface

2011 ◽  
Vol 65 ◽  
pp. 214-217
Author(s):  
Yao Ge Wang ◽  
Peng Yuan Wang
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Pattern ◽  
Spatial Autocorrelation ◽  
Boundary Curve ◽  
Digital Elevation ◽  
Grid Points ◽  
Elevation Model ◽  
Global Spatial Autocorrelation ◽  
Core Problem ◽  
Dem Model ◽  
Better Than

Interpolation is the core problem of Digital Elevation Model (DEM). The Coons DEM model is better than bilinear interpolation and moving surface fitting. It is constructed by grid boundary curve, the curve interpolates by some adjoining grid points. Its spatial pattern of error is random in global area, there is no significant global spatial autocorrelation, but it is an increasing trend along with the terrain average gradient increases.There is significant local spatial autocorrelation, the spatial pattern of error converges strongly in local areas.

scholarly journals Using Spatial Regression Models in Identifying the Drivers of Forest Structure in the Hyrcanian Forests of Iran

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyed Jalil Alavi ◽  
Vria Mardanpour ◽  
Carsten F. Dormann
Keyword(s):  
Regression Model ◽  
Spatial Autocorrelation ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Generalized Least Squares ◽  
Forest Growth ◽  
Hyrcanian Forests ◽  
Simultaneous Autoregressive Model ◽  
Model Residuals ◽  
Simultaneous Autoregressive ◽  
Better Than

Abstract Background: Understanding the relationships between forest structure, in particular attainable height, and the environment is important for sustainable forest management. Similarly, modeling structural attributes improve our understanding of forest growth dynamics and may identify key drivers of long-term changes in the forest ecosystem. Due to the inherent complexity of these relationships, quantification of some drivers of forest growth is often not available, resulting in spatially auto-correlated errors of the regression model. Methods: To explore the tree height-environment relationships of oriental beech we compared the performance of a standard regression model (multiple linear regression, MLR) to those accommodating a spatial correlation structure, specifically a Generalized Least Squares model with exponential correlation structure (GLS) and three variations of the Simultaneous Autoregressive Model (SAR): the spatial lag model (SLM), the spatial Durbin model (SDM) and the spatial error model (SEM). Across 127 0.1 ha circular sample plots in the primeval World Heritage Hyrcanian Forests of Iran, we collected data on tree height and edaphic and topographic. Within each plot, the height of all trees with DBH ≥ 7 cm was measured. Results: The results showed that SAR and GLS models reduced spatial autocorrelation of model residuals and improved model fit, with both SDM and SEM slightly superior to the SLM in removing spatial autocorrelation in the model residuals. SDM performs better than SEM in terms of RMSE and adjusted R2. Conclusions: Although SAR-based models performed marginally better than GLS, we still recommend GLS for spatial analyses due to their easier implementation and ease-of-use compared to SAR models. However, when the computation time is a concern, SAR-based models can be more useful because of faster execution. Keywords: spatial autocorrelation; Hyrcanian forests; multiple linear regression model; simultaneous autoregressive model; generalized least squares

Time and Latitude in South Africa

1972 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 27-38
Author(s):  
J. Hers
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Cape Town ◽  
Astronomical Observations ◽  
Royal Observatory ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Astronomical Determination ◽  
Limited Accuracy ◽  
Better Than

In South Africa the modern outlook towards time may be said to have started in 1948. Both the two major observatories, The Royal Observatory in Cape Town and the Union Observatory (now known as the Republic Observatory) in Johannesburg had, of course, been involved in the astronomical determination of time almost from their inception, and the Johannesburg Observatory has been responsible for the official time of South Africa since 1908. However the pendulum clocks then in use could not be relied on to provide an accuracy better than about 1/10 second, which was of the same order as that of the astronomical observations. It is doubtful if much use was made of even this limited accuracy outside the two observatories, and although there may – occasionally have been a demand for more accurate time, it was certainly not voiced.

Localization of immunolabels by electron microscopy and image averaging

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 282-283
Author(s):  
J. Frank ◽  
P.-Y. Sizaret ◽  
A. Verschoor ◽  
J. Lamy
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Single Particle ◽  
Attachment Site ◽  
Uranyl Acetate ◽  
Limulus Polyphemus ◽  
Resolution Limit ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Image Averaging ◽  
Top View ◽  
Better Than

The accuracy with which the attachment site of immunolabels bound to macromolecules may be localized in electron microscopic images can be considerably improved by using single particle averaging. The example studied in this work showed that the accuracy may be better than the resolution limit imposed by negative staining (∽2nm).The structure used for this demonstration was a halfmolecule of Limulus polyphemus (LP) hemocyanin, consisting of 24 subunits grouped into four hexamers. The top view of this structure was previously studied by image averaging and correspondence analysis. It was found to vary according to the flip or flop position of the molecule, and to the stain imbalance between diagonally opposed hexamers (“rocking effect”). These findings have recently been incorporated into a model of the full 8 × 6 molecule.LP hemocyanin contains eight different polypeptides, and antibodies specific for one, LP II, were used. Uranyl acetate was used as stain. A total of 58 molecule images (29 unlabelled, 29 labelled with antl-LPII Fab) showing the top view were digitized in the microdensitometer with a sampling distance of 50μ corresponding to 6.25nm.

Closing the GAP—A 5Å Scanning Microscope

1969 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 6-7
Author(s):  
A. V. Crewe
Keyword(s):  
Normal Form ◽  
The Other ◽  
Resolving Power ◽  
Scanning Microscope ◽  
Conventional Microscope ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Closing The Gap ◽  
Thermal Sources ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Transmission Microscope

We have become accustomed to differentiating between the scanning microscope and the conventional transmission microscope according to the resolving power which the two instruments offer. The conventional microscope is capable of a point resolution of a few angstroms and line resolutions of periodic objects of about 1Å. On the other hand, the scanning microscope, in its normal form, is not ordinarily capable of a point resolution better than 100Å. Upon examining reasons for the 100Å limitation, it becomes clear that this is based more on tradition than reason, and in particular, it is a condition imposed upon the microscope by adherence to thermal sources of electrons.

Electron Microscopic Observation of the Longitudinal Organization of Poly (p-Phenylene Terephthalamide) Fibers

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 680-681
Author(s):  
Li Li-Sheng ◽  
L.F. Allard ◽  
W.C. Bigelow
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Microscopic Observation ◽  
Electron Microscopic Observation ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Aromatic Polyamides ◽  
Radial Arrangement ◽  
Scanning Electron ◽  
Better Than

The aromatic polyamides form a class of fibers having mechanical properties which are much better than those of aliphatic polyamides. Currently, the accepted morphology of these fibers as proposed by M.G. Dobb, et al. is a radial arrangement of pleated sheets, with the plane of the pleats parallel to the axis of the fiber. We have recently obtained evidence which supports a different morphology of this type of fiber, using ultramicrotomy and ion-thinning techniques to prepare specimens for transmission and scanning electron microscopy.

A High Angle, Double Tilting Cold Stage for the AEI EM7

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 450-451
Author(s):  
P.R. Swann ◽  
A.E. Lloyd
Keyword(s):  
Habit Plane ◽  
Temperature Control ◽  
Tilt Angle ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
Thermal Drift ◽  
High Angle ◽  
Cold Stage ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Better Than

Figure 1 shows the design of a specimen stage used for the in situ observation of phase transformations in the temperature range between ambient and −160°C. The design has the following features a high degree of specimen stability during tilting linear tilt actuation about two orthogonal axes for accurate control of tilt angle read-out high angle tilt range for stereo work and habit plane determination simple, robust construction temperature control of better than ±0.5°C minimum thermal drift and transmission of vibration from the cooling system.

Thermal Considerations in Lens Regulator Systems

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 358-359
Author(s):  
K.C. Newton
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Thermal Effects ◽  
Environmental Control ◽  
Reference Networks ◽  
Better Than

Thermal effects in lens regulator systems have become a major problem with the extension of electron microscope resolution capabilities below 5 Angstrom units. Larger columns with immersion lenses and increased accelerating potentials have made solutions more difficult by increasing the power being handled. Environmental control, component choice, and wiring design provide answers, however. Figure 1 indicates with broken lines where thermal problems develop in regulator systemsExtensive environmental control is required in the sampling and reference networks. In each case, stability better than I ppm/min. is required. Components with thermal coefficients satisfactory for these applications without environmental control are either not available or priced prohibitively.

Finding the Right Problems: Some HREM Applications to Interfaces

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 376-379
Author(s):  
D. Cherns
Keyword(s):  
Grain Boundaries ◽  
High Resolution Electron Microscopy ◽  
Boundary Structure ◽  
Atomic Structures ◽  
Grain Boundary Structure ◽  
Resolution Electron ◽  
Point To Point ◽  
The Right ◽  
New Generation ◽  
Better Than

The use of high resolution electron microscopy (HREM) to determine the atomic structure of grain boundaries and interfaces is a topic of great current interest. Grain boundary structure has been considered for many years as central to an understanding of the mechanical and transport properties of materials. Some more recent attention has focussed on the atomic structures of metalsemiconductor interfaces which are believed to control electrical properties of contacts. The atomic structures of interfaces in semiconductor or metal multilayers is an area of growing interest for understanding the unusual electrical or mechanical properties which these new materials possess. However, although the point-to-point resolutions of currently available HREMs, ∼2-3Å, appear sufficient to solve many of these problems, few atomic models of grain boundaries and interfaces have been derived. Moreover, with a new generation of 300-400kV instruments promising resolutions in the 1.6-2.0 Å range, and resolutions better than 1.5Å expected from specialist instruments, it is an appropriate time to consider the usefulness of HREM for interface studies.

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