How insects overcome two-component plant chemical defence: plantβ-glucosidases as the main target for herbivore adaptation

2013 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 531-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Pentzold ◽  
Mika Zagrobelny ◽  
Fred Rook ◽  
Søren Bak
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Defence ◽  
Plant Chemical ◽  
Two Component ◽  
Main Target

scholarly journals Plant chemical defence: a partner control mechanism stabilising plant - seed-eating pollinator mutualisms

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sébastien Ibanez ◽  
Christiane Gallet ◽  
Fanny Dommanget ◽  
Laurence Després
Keyword(s):  
Control Mechanism ◽  
Chemical Defence ◽  
Plant Seed ◽  
Plant Chemical ◽  
Seed Eating

scholarly journals Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Plant Chemical Defence: Effects of Colonisation on Aboveground and Belowground Metabolomes

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 198-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth M. Hill ◽  
Lynne A. Robinson ◽  
Ali Abdul-Sada ◽  
Adam J. Vanbergen ◽  
Angela Hodge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Chemical Defence ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Plant Chemical

Divergent responses of above- and below-ground chemical defence to nitrogen and phosphorus supply in waratahs (Telopea speciosissima)

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (12) ◽  
pp. 1134
Author(s):  
Edita Ritmejerytė ◽  
Berin A. Boughton ◽  
Michael J. Bayly ◽  
Rebecca E. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Plant Defence ◽  
Chemical Defence ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Secondary Chemistry ◽  
Chemical Defences ◽  
Nutrient Use ◽  
Plant Chemical ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
P Supply

Plant nutrition can affect the allocation of resources to plant chemical defences, yet little is known about how phosphorus (P) supply, and relative nitrogen (N) and P supply, affect chemical defences, especially in species with intrinsically conservative nutrient use adapted to P-impoverished soils. Waratah (Telopea speciosissima (Sm.) R.Br.), like other Proteaceae, is adapted nutrient-poor soils. It was identified as having cyanogenic glycosides (CNglycs) throughout the plant. T. speciosissima seedlings were grown for 15 weeks under two N and P concentrations. CNglycs (N-based defence) and nutrients were quantified in above- and below-ground organs; foliar carbon (C)-based phenolics and tannins were also quantified. CNglyc concentrations in roots were on average 51-fold higher than in above-ground tissues and were affected by both N and P supply, whereas foliar CNglyc concentrations only responded to N supply. Leaves had high concentrations of C-based defences, which increased under low N, and were not correlated with N-based defences. Greater root chemical defence against herbivores and pathogens may be important in a non-mycorrhizal species that relies on basal resprouting following disturbance. The differing responses of secondary chemistry in above- and below-ground organs to P and N demonstrate the importance of broadening the predominantly foliar focus of plant defence studies.

scholarly journals The Imaging of Guard Cells of thioglucosidase (tgg) Mutants of Arabidopsis Further Links Plant Chemical Defence Systems with Physical Defence Barriers

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 227
Author(s):  
Ishita Ahuja ◽  
Ralph Kissen ◽  
Linh Hoang ◽  
Bjørnar Sporsheim ◽  
Kari K. Halle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Chemical Defence ◽  
Guard Cells ◽  
Physical Structure ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Defence System ◽  
Plant Chemical ◽  
Novel Association ◽  
Physical Defence

The glucosinolate-myrosinase system is a well-known plant chemical defence system. Two functional myrosinase-encoding genes, THIOGLUCOSIDASE 1 (TGG1) and THIOGLUCOSIDASE 2 (TGG2), express in aerial tissues of Arabidopsis. TGG1 expresses in guard cells (GCs) and is also a highly abundant protein in GCs. Recently, by studying wild type (WT), tgg single, and double mutants, we showed a novel association between the glucosinolate-myrosinase system defence system, and a physical barrier, the cuticle. In the current study, using imaging techniques, we further analysed stomata and ultrastructure of GCs of WT, tgg1, tgg2 single, and tgg1 tgg2 double mutants. The tgg mutants showed distinctive features of GCs. The GCs of tgg1 and tgg1 tgg2 mutants showed vacuoles that had less electron-dense granular material. Both tgg single mutants had bigger stomata complexes. The WT and tgg mutants also showed variations for cell wall, chloroplasts, and starch grains of GCs. Abscisic acid (ABA)-treated stomata showed that the stomatal aperture was reduced in tgg1 single and tgg1 tgg2 double mutants. The data provides a basis to perform comprehensive further studies to find physiological and molecular mechanisms associated with ultrastructure differences in tgg mutants. We speculate that the absence of myrosinase alters the endogenous chemical composition, hence affecting the physical structure of plants and the plants’ physical defence barriers.

Plant chemical defence allocation constrains evolution of local range

2009 ◽  
Vol 18 (23) ◽  
pp. 4974-4983 ◽  
Author(s):  
DAVID H. SIEMENS ◽  
RISTON HAUGEN ◽  
STEVEN MATZNER ◽  
NICHOLAS VANASMA
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Defence ◽  
Plant Chemical ◽  
Local Range

Spectroscopic Observations of Visual Double Stars

1965 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 109-111
Author(s):  
Frederick R. West
Keyword(s):  
Radial Velocity ◽  
High Dispersion ◽  
Velocity Difference ◽  
Spectrograph Slit ◽  
Spectroscopic Observations ◽  
Double Stars ◽  
Visual Double Stars ◽  
Relative Orbit ◽  
Two Component ◽  
Star Images

There are certain visual double stars which, when close to a node of their relative orbit, should have enough radial velocity difference (10-20 km/s) that the spectra of the two component stars will appear resolved on high-dispersion spectrograms (5 Å/mm or less) obtainable by use of modern coudé and solar spectrographs on bright stars. Both star images are then recorded simultaneously on the spectrograph slit, so that two stellar components will appear on each spectrogram.

A technique for protecting delicate specimens during processing

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 982-983
Author(s):  
R.J. Mount ◽  
R.V. Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Basilar Membrane ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Organ Of Corti ◽  
Region Of Interest ◽  
Sensory Epithelium ◽  
Physical Damage ◽  
Air Drying ◽  
Specimen Handling ◽  
Two Component

The sensory end organ of the ear, the organ of Corti, rests on a thin basilar membrane which lies between the bone of the central modiolus and the bony wall of the cochlea. In vivo, the organ of Corti is protected by the bony wall which totally surrounds it. In order to examine the sensory epithelium by scanning electron microscopy it is necessary to dissect away the protective bone and expose the region of interest (Fig. 1). This leaves the fragile organ of Corti susceptible to physical damage during subsequent handling. In our laboratory cochlear specimens, after dissection, are routinely prepared by the O-T- O-T-O technique, critical point dried and then lightly sputter coated with gold. This processing involves considerable specimen handling including several hours on a rotator during which the organ of Corti is at risk of being physically damaged. The following procedure uses low cost, readily available materials to hold the specimen during processing ,preventing physical damage while allowing an unhindered exchange of fluids.Following fixation, the cochlea is dehydrated to 70% ethanol then dissected under ethanol to prevent air drying. The holder is prepared by punching a hole in the flexible snap cap of a Wheaton vial with a paper hole punch. A small amount of two component epoxy putty is well mixed then pushed through the hole in the cap. The putty on the inner cap is formed into a “cup” to hold the specimen (Fig. 2), the putty on the outside is smoothed into a “button” to give good attachment even when the cap is flexed during handling (Fig. 3). The cap is submerged in the 70% ethanol, the bone at the base of the cochlea is seated into the cup and the sides of the cup squeezed with forceps to grip it (Fig.4). Several types of epoxy putty have been tried, most are either soluble in ethanol to some degree or do not set in ethanol. The only putty we find successful is “DUROtm MASTERMENDtm Epoxy Extra Strength Ribbon” (Loctite Corp., Cleveland, Ohio), this is a blue and yellow ribbon which is kneaded to form a green putty, it is available at many hardware stores.

Fifth virial coefficient of a two-component mixture of hard discs

1997 ◽  
Vol 90 (4) ◽  
pp. 679-681
Author(s):  
F. SAIJA ◽  
G. FIUMARA ◽  
P.V. GIAQUINTA
Keyword(s):  
Virial Coefficient ◽  
Component Mixture ◽  
Two Component
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