scholarly journals Rostral cuneiform nucleus and the defence reaction: Direct and indirect midbrain–medullary 5‐HT mechanisms in baroreflex inhibition

2021 ◽  
Vol 178 (8) ◽  
pp. 1819-1835
Author(s):  
Florence Netzer ◽  
Caroline Sévoz‐Couche
Keyword(s):  
Defence Reaction ◽  
Cuneiform Nucleus

scholarly journals Two methods of assessing the mortality factors affecting the larvae and pupae of Cameraria ohridella in the leaves of Aesculus hippocastanum in Switzerland and Bulgaria

2007 ◽  
Vol 97 (5) ◽  
pp. 445-453 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Girardoz ◽  
R. Tomov ◽  
R. Eschen ◽  
D.L.J. Quicke ◽  
M. Kenis
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Senescence ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Plant Defence ◽  
Leaf Miner ◽  
Mortality Factor ◽  
Horse Chestnut ◽  
Mortality Factors ◽  
Grab Sampling ◽  
Defence Reaction ◽  
Factors Affecting

AbstractThe horse-chestnut leaf miner, Cameraria ohridella, is an invasive alien species defoliating horse-chestnut, a popular ornamental tree in Europe. This paper presents quantitative data on mortality factors affecting larvae and pupae of the leaf miner in Switzerland and Bulgaria, both in urban and forest environments. Two sampling methods were used and compared: a cohort method, consisting of the surveying of pre-selected mines throughout their development, and a grab sampling method, consisting of single sets of leaves collected and dissected at regular intervals. The total mortality per generation varied between 14 and 99%. Mortality was caused by a variety of factors, including parasitism, host feeding, predation by birds and arthropods, plant defence reaction, leaf senescence, intra-specific competition and inter-specific competition with a fungal disease. Significant interactions were found between mortality factors and sampling methods, countries, environments and generation. No mortality factor was dominant throughout the sites, generations and methods tested. Plant defence reactions constituted the main mortality factor for the first two larval stages, whereas predation by birds and arthropods and parasitism were more important in older larvae and pupae. Mortality caused by leaf senescence was often the dominant mortality factor in the last annual generation. The cohort method detected higher mortality rates than the grab sampling method. In particular, mortality by plant defence reaction and leaf senescence were better assessed using the cohort method, which is, therefore, recommended for life table studies on leaf miners.

ENCAPSULATION OF RHABDITOID NEMATODES IN MOSQUITOES

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (7) ◽  
pp. 1269-1275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan F. Bronskill
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Endemic Species ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
Fourth Instar ◽  
The Body ◽  
Histological Structure ◽  
Adult Tissue ◽  
Defence Reaction ◽  
Blood Sinus

In third and fourth instar larvae of Aedes aegypti (L.), juveniles of the rhabditoid, DD136, penetrate the blood sinus and cardial epithelium of the proventriculus to enter the body cavity of the host, where they complete their development. By 5 hours, a thick capsule developed about many of the ensheathed immature adults of DD136 within the body cavity of A. aegypti larvae. This rapid defence reaction of the mosquito to DD136, which has both a melanin and a cellular manifestation, occurs both in the exotic mosquito A. aegypti and in the two endemic species tested, Aedes stimulans (Walker) and Aedes trichurus (Dyar). The resistance of A. stimulans to an endemic rhabditoid, possibly of the Diplogasteridae, is also similar. The histological structure of the capsule is not affected during metamorphosis in A. aegypti; however, during histogenesis of adult tissue displacement and (or) distortion of some tissues and organs may be caused by the presence of the capsule within the host's body cavity. The activity of the adult A. aegypti is normal when this distortion or displacement is minor. Though usually encapsulated DD136 are retained within the body cavity of A. aegypti during metamorphosis, sometimes they are partially or completely expelled from the host's body cavity at the time of molting.

Inhibitory effect of the ventral tegmental A10 region on the hypothalamic defence reaction: Evidence for a possible dopaminergic mediation

1987 ◽  
Vol 413 (2) ◽  
pp. 356-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pier Vincenzo Piazza ◽  
Michele Ferdico ◽  
Giuseppe Crescimanno ◽  
Arcangelo Benigno ◽  
Giuseppe Amato
Keyword(s):  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Defence Reaction ◽  
Ventral Tegmental

Cataract is a self-defence reaction to protect the retina from oxidative damage

2011 ◽  
Vol 76 (5) ◽  
pp. 741-744 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aharon Wegner ◽  
Ramin Khoramnia
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Damage ◽  
Defence Reaction ◽  
Self Defence

scholarly journals Anopheles gambiae miRNAs as actors of defence reaction against Plasmodium invasion

2007 ◽  
Vol 35 (20) ◽  
pp. 6953-6962 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flore Winter ◽  
Sonia Edaye ◽  
Alexander Hüttenhofer ◽  
Christine Brunel
Keyword(s):  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Defence Reaction
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