scholarly journals The dark side of cognitive illusions: When an illusory belief interferes with the acquisition of evidence‐based knowledge

2015 ◽  
Vol 106 (4) ◽  
pp. 597-608 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ion Yarritu ◽  
Helena Matute ◽  
David Luque
Keyword(s):  
Dark Side ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Cognitive Illusions

Claims and Outcomes in ITA

2019 ◽  
pp. 141-180
Author(s):  
Susan D. Franck
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Benefit Assessment ◽  
Objective Measures ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Damage Award ◽  
Relative Success ◽  
Practical Reality ◽  
Cognitive Illusions ◽  
Theoretical Risk

ITA is no longer a theoretical risk but a practical reality. Data offers a key debiasing tool to prevent cognitive illusions from skewing debates about the reality of realized risk. Chapter 5 uses direct, objective measures to assess outcomes that, in combination with costs, permits parties to undertake evidence-based cost-benefit assessment of an ITA’s net value. It initially explores ultimate outcomes by identifying whether tribunals awarded any damages or an equivalent remedy (i.e., an investor win), whether there was no damage award (i.e., a state win), or whether parties settled or otherwise discontinued the case. To nuance so as to understand outcomes on a phase-by-phase basis, it explores tribunals’ determinations for dispositive elements involving jurisdiction, merits, and damages. It then explores ultimate outcomes through two other alternative lenses, namely actual amounts awarded, which includes amounts from settlements, and investors’ relative success as compared to amounts claimed.

Risk as a Regulatory Idea

2019 ◽  
pp. 19-46
Author(s):  
Maria Weimer
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Dark Side ◽  
Epistemic Authority ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Risk Regulation ◽  
Bright Side ◽  
Science And Risk ◽  
Risk Discourse

This chapter discusses the ideational foundations of risk and its implications for regulation. It begins with an overview of the risk discourse, focusing in particular on the ‘bright’ and ‘dark’ sides of risk. On its ‘bright’ side, risk is viewed as an achievement of modernity; on its ‘dark’ side, it is described as a new technological and potentially uncontrollable hazard. The chapter then considers the roles played by risk in regulation and explains the distinction between regulation and risk regulation, along with the challenges posed by risk to public regulation. It also examines the contestability of risk and how risk differs from uncertainty, as well as the role of science and risk management principles in stabilizing risk regulation, taking into account the use of the precautionary principle and cost-benefit analysis. Finally, it analyses the rational–instrumental model of evidence-based regulation that distinguishes epistemic authority from governance authority in risk regulation.

Abstraction: An alternative neurocognitive account of recognition, prediction, and decision making

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valerie F. Reyna ◽  
David A. Broniatowski
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Software Engineering ◽  
Systems Engineering ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Trace Theory ◽  
Fuzzy Trace Theory ◽  
Abstract Representations ◽  
Technical Systems

Abstract Gilead et al. offer a thoughtful and much-needed treatment of abstraction. However, it fails to build on an extensive literature on abstraction, representational diversity, neurocognition, and psychopathology that provides important constraints and alternative evidence-based conceptions. We draw on conceptions in software engineering, socio-technical systems engineering, and a neurocognitive theory with abstract representations of gist at its core, fuzzy-trace theory.

Analysis of 2D and 3D defects associated with precipitation of Cu in silicon

1991 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 870-871
Author(s):  
P.M. Rice ◽  
MJ. Kim ◽  
R.W. Carpenter
Keyword(s):  
Colony Growth ◽  
Dark Field ◽  
Dark Side ◽  
Silicide Phase ◽  
Strain Fields ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Unknown Composition ◽  
Secondary Precipitates ◽  
20 Nm ◽  
2D And 3D

Extrinsic gettering of Cu on near-surface dislocations in Si has been the topic of recent investigation. It was shown that the Cu precipitated hetergeneously on dislocations as Cu silicide along with voids, and also with a secondary planar precipitate of unknown composition. Here we report the results of investigations of the sense of the strain fields about the large (~100 nm) silicide precipitates, and further analysis of the small (~10-20 nm) planar precipitates.Numerous dark field images were analyzed in accordance with Ashby and Brown's criteria for determining the sense of the strain fields about precipitates. While the situation is complicated by the presence of dislocations and secondary precipitates, micrographs like those shown in Fig. 1(a) and 1(b) tend to show anomalously wide strain fields with the dark side on the side of negative g, indicating the strain fields about the silicide precipitates are vacancy in nature. This is in conflict with information reported on the η'' phase (the Cu silicide phase presumed to precipitate within the bulk) whose interstitial strain field is considered responsible for the interstitial Si atoms which cause the bounding dislocation to expand during star colony growth.

Misophonia: An Evidence-Based Case Report

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 685-690
Author(s):  
C. S. Vanaja ◽  
Miriam Soni Abigail
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Case Report ◽  
Case History ◽  
Pure Tone ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Management Option ◽  
Pure Tone Audiogram

Purpose Misophonia is a sound tolerance disorder condition in certain sounds that trigger intense emotional or physiological responses. While some persons may experience misophonia, a few patients suffer from misophonia. However, there is a dearth of literature on audiological assessment and management of persons with misophonia. The purpose of this report is to discuss the assessment of misophonia and highlight the management option that helped a patient with misophonia. Method A case study of a 26-year-old woman with the complaint of decreased tolerance to specific sounds affecting quality of life is reported. Audiological assessment differentiated misophonia from hyperacusis. Management included retraining counseling as well as desensitization and habituation therapy based on the principles described by P. J. Jastreboff and Jastreboff (2014). A misophonia questionnaire was administered at regular intervals to monitor the effectiveness of therapy. Results A detailed case history and audiological evaluations including pure-tone audiogram and Johnson Hyperacusis Index revealed the presence of misophonia. The patient benefitted from intervention, and the scores of the misophonia questionnaire indicated a decrease in the severity of the problem. Conclusions It is important to differentially diagnose misophonia and hyperacusis in persons with sound tolerance disorders. Retraining counseling as well as desensitization and habituation therapy can help patients who suffer from misophonia.

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