scholarly journals Post‐traumatic stress disorder and major depression among frontline healthcare staff working during the COVID‐19 pandemic

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Wild ◽  
Aimee McKinnon ◽  
Abbie Wilkins ◽  
Haddi Browne
Keyword(s):  
Major Depression ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Healthcare Staff ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Post Traumatic

scholarly journals Diagnosis and treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder during the COVID-19 pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (12) ◽  
pp. 785-789
Author(s):  
John Cooper ◽  
Andrea J Phelps ◽  
Chee H Ng ◽  
David Forbes
Keyword(s):  
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
Traumatic Experiences ◽  
Healthcare Staff ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Professional Treatment

Background The COVID-19 pandemic has caused unprecedented stress globally, and the associated medical and health-related traumatic experiences pose significant risks for the development of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and the exacerbation of pre-existing PTSD, among patients, general practitioners (GPs) and healthcare staff. Objective The aim of this article is to provide guidance to GPs and healthcare staff working in Australia about the diagnosis and treatment of both newly developed and pre-existing PTSD in the COVID-19 context. Case studies are presented; the authors discuss whether pandemic-related PTSD is different to PTSD caused by different types of traumatic exposure, and the associated implications for treatment. Discussion The role of GPs in the management of PTSD during the COVID-19 pandemic remains central, involving early detection, assessment and referral. Moreover, health professionals are not immune to the mental health effects of the pandemic and are encouraged to maintain their wellbeing and to seek professional treatment if needed.

Neuroticism and post-traumatic stress disorder: a prospective investigation

2012 ◽  
Vol 43 (8) ◽  
pp. 1697-1702 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Breslau ◽  
L. Schultz
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Major Depression ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
History Of ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

BackgroundNeuroticism has been consistently correlated with the post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) response to traumatic events. Interpretation of these findings is limited by the retrospective nature of these findings: neuroticism was measured after the trauma had occurred. The prospective association of neuroticism with PTSD has not been examined (the relationship of neuroticism with PTSD symptoms was examined in a few prospective studies). We evaluate prospectively the relationship of neuroticism, measured at baseline, with the cumulative occurrence of PTSD during the subsequent 10 years, using data from a longitudinal epidemiological study of young adults.MethodA sample of 1007 young adults randomly selected from the membership of a large health maintenance organization in southeast Michigan was assessed at baseline and followed up at 3, 5 and 10 years later. We conducted a series of multinomial logistic regressions to estimate the relative risk (RR) of exposure to trauma and PTSD by neuroticism at baseline, adjusting for history of major depression (n = 990).ResultsDuring the 10-year follow-up, 50.2% of the sample experienced traumatic events and 5.2% developed PTSD. Neuroticism score at baseline increased significantly the RR of PTSD response to trauma. Additional analysis revealed that, among persons with history of major depression at baseline, RR for PTSD associated with neuroticism was equal to the null value of 1, but was increased significantly among those with no history of major depression.ConclusionsThe results confirm the role of neuroticism as diathesis in the PTSD response to traumatic experiences.

scholarly journals Global burden of post-traumatic stress disorder and major depression in countries affected by war between 1989 and 2019: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (7) ◽  
pp. e006303
Author(s):  
Thole H Hoppen ◽  
Stefan Priebe ◽  
Inja Vetter ◽  
Nexhmedin Morina
Keyword(s):  
Major Depression ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Global Burden ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Low Middle Income Countries ◽  
War Survivors ◽  
Post Traumatic

ObjectiveExtensive research has demonstrated high prevalences of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depression (MD) in war-surviving populations. However, absolute estimates are lacking, which may additionally inform policy making, research and healthcare. We aimed at estimating the absolute global prevalence and disease burden of adult survivors of recent wars (1989–2019) affected by PTSD and/or MD.MethodsWe conducted a systematic literature search and meta-analysis of interview-based epidemiological surveys assessing the prevalence of PTSD and/or MD in representative samples from countries with a recent war history (1989–2019). Drawing on the war definition and geo-referenced data of the Uppsala Conflict Database Programme and population estimates of the United Nations for 2019, we extrapolated the meta-analytic results to absolute global numbers of affected people. Drawing on disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) data of the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2019, we further calculated the PTSD-associated and MD-associated DALYs.ResultsTwenty-two surveys (N=15 420) for PTSD, 13 surveys for MD (N=9836) and six surveys on the comorbidity of PTSD and MD (N=1131) were included. Random effects meta-analyses yielded point prevalences of 26.51% for PTSD and 23.31% for MD. Of those affected by PTSD, 55.26% presented with comorbid MD. Prevalence rates were not significantly associated with war intensity and length, time since war, response rate or survey quality. The extrapolation yielded 316 million adult war-survivors globally who suffered from PTSD and/or MD in 2019. War-survivors were almost exclusively living in low/middle-income countries (LMICs) and carried a burden of 3 105 387 and 4 083 950 DALYs associated with PTSD and MD, respectively.ConclusionsSince LMICs lack sufficient funding and qualified professionals to provide evidence-based psychological treatments for such large numbers of affected people, alternative and scalable strategies using existing resources in primary care and communities are required. Research is required to assist upscaling.

Reported trauma, post-traumatic stress disorder and major depression among primary care patients

2001 ◽  
Vol 31 (7) ◽  
pp. 1249-1257 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. MCQUAID ◽  
P. PEDRELLI ◽  
M. E. MCCAHILL ◽  
M. B. STEIN
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Major Depression ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Severe Trauma ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Trauma History ◽  
Primary Care Patients ◽  
Post Traumatic

Background. Trauma is a necessary diagnostic criterion for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, the nature of traumas experienced (e.g. assaultive versus non-assaultive) may influence whether any mental disorder will arise. Traumatic experiences may also be associated with other mental disorders, particularly major depressive disorder (MDD). This report examines the relationship of trauma history to the likelihood of full or partial PTSD and MDD. In addition, the study examines the frequency with which assaultive and non-assaultive traumas are reported by patients with full or partial PTSD and MDD.Methods. Three hundred eighty-six primary care patients completed psychiatric symptom measures during their clinic visit. A subset of 132 participants completed a diagnostic interview within 2 weeks following the screening.Results. Most patients reporting traumas did not meet criteria for a mental disorder. Patients reporting traumas were more likely to experience current MDD (27·8%) than current full or partial PTSD (20·0%) although a high percentage of patients with traumas (41·1%) had experienced full or partial PTSD diagnosis in their lifetime. Respondents reporting assaultive events as their most severe trauma, when compared with those whose most severe trauma was non-assaultive, were more likely to have met criteria for either full or partial PTSD in their lifetime, and were more likely to have current MDD.Conclusions. These findings suggest that trauma history is often not associated with psychopathology, and when it is, trauma is often associated with major depression rather than PTSD. The likelihood of psychopathology is increased for individuals reporting assaultive traumas.

scholarly journals Age of traumatisation as a predictor of post-traumatic stress disorder or major depression in young women

2004 ◽  
Vol 184 (6) ◽  
pp. 482-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Maercker ◽  
Tanja Michael ◽  
Lydia Fehm ◽  
Eni S. Becker ◽  
Jürgen Margraf
Keyword(s):  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Major Depression ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Trauma Group

BackgroundFindings in developmental psychopathology suggest that traumatisation in childhood may increase the risk of both post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depressive disorder, whereas traumatisation in adolescence is more likely to lead to elevated PTSD risk.AimsTo estimate the impact of traumatisation in childhood or adolescence in a community sample.MethodA representative sample of 1966 young women from Dresden aged 18–45 years were interviewed for occurrence of traumatic events and the onset of PTSD and major depression. The sample was subdivided into a childhood trauma group (trauma up to age 12 years) and an adolescent trauma group (trauma from age 13 years).ResultsA quarter of all participants reported traumatic events meeting the DSM AI criterion. In the childhood group conditional risks for PTSD and major depressive disorder were 17.0% and 23.3%, respectively, compared with risks of 13.3% and 6.5%, respectively, in the adolescent group. In 29% of those with PTSD, major depression was also present.ConclusionsThe risk of developing major depressive disorder after traumatisation in childhood is approximately equal to the risk of developing PTSD. After age 13 years, the risk of PTSD is greater than the risk of major depression after traumatisation.

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