Pearson's chi-square test and rank correlation inferences for clustered data

Biometrics ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 822-834 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna H. Shih ◽  
Michael P. Fay
Keyword(s):  
Clustered Data ◽  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Chi Square Test

scholarly journals Leadership and Motivation as Important Aspects of the International Company’s Corporate Culture

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 3916
Author(s):  
Ingrida Košičiarová ◽  
Zdenka Kádeková ◽  
Peter Štarchoň
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Culture ◽  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Leadership Motivation ◽  
Kendall Rank Correlation ◽  
Friedman's Test ◽  
Chi Square Test

Although the issue of corporate culture has been taken over and addressed in the literature from various perspectives, there are very few researchers about the role of leadership and motivation in it, respectively very few researchers have addressed them as important components of the international company’s corporate culture. The present paper aims to point out that leadership and motivation can be perceived as important aspects of the international company’s corporate culture. The object of the investigation was an international company (situated in Italy) and its five subsidiaries (situated in Italy, Czech Republic, Germany, and Turkey). As the main research method, there was chosen the method of the questionnaire survey, which was attempted by all the company’s employees (totally 270 respondents). The questionnaire was divided into three separate, but logically related parts—leadership, motivation, and corporate culture, and submitted to two groups of respondents—the company’s management and its employees. In total 11 hypotheses were formulated and further evaluated by the methods of Pearson Chi-square Test, Fisher’s Exact Test, Cramer’s V coefficient, Kendall rank correlation coefficient, Eta coefficient, Spearman coefficient, Mann–Whitney U test and Wilcoxon W statistics, Kruskal–Wallis test, and Friedman’s test. The results of the research have proven that leadership and motivation are important parts of the corporate culture.

Dentists’ knowledge of fluoride cariostatic mechanisms

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Urszula Kaczmarek ◽  
Wojciech Kowalczyk ◽  
Dariusz Gozdowski ◽  
Dorota Olczak-Kowalczyk
Keyword(s):  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Bone Fragility ◽  
Caries Prevention ◽  
Water Fluoridation ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Spearman’S Rank Correlation ◽  
Spearman’S Rank Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Almost All

Introduction. The use of age- and risk-adjusted caries prevention requires up-to-date knowledge on the cariostatic effects of fluoride, as well as the methods and safety of fluoride prophylaxis. Aim. The aim of the study was to assess dentists’ knowledge of the safety and mechanism of anticaries effects of fluoride. Material and methods. An anonymous questionnaire was conducted among 212 dentists participating in dental training. The questions included in the questionnaire related to knowledge about water fluoridation, fluoride cariostatic mechanisms and the safety of fluoride prophylaxis. The chi-square test and the Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient were used for statistical analysis. A significance level of 0.05 was used. Results. Incorrect knowledge about water fluoridation was demonstrated by 26.9% of respondents in the country and 16.0% of respondents in Europe. Most respondents (80.7%) reported higher efficacy of exogenous vs endogenous anticaries approaches, and more than half of respondents (59.0%) considered the processes of remineralisation and demineralisation as the most important anticaries activity. Almost all respondents (95.7%) agreed that the use of fluoride for caries prevention is controversial, mainly due to its dose-dependent therapeutic or toxic effects (85.4%). According to about 20% of respondents, cariostatic fluoride doses have adverse effects on the general health, mainly in the form of bone fragility (10.4%). Conclusions. Lack of correct knowledge about the dominant cariostatic effects of fluoride may result in the choice of an inappropriate preventive method or avoiding local application of fluoride preparations for fear of adverse systemic effects, which may in turn lead to increased caries prevalence in a given population.

scholarly journals Palestinian pharmacists’ knowledge of issues related to using psychotropic medications in older people: a cross-sectional study

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramzi Shawahna ◽  
Mais Khaskiyyi ◽  
Hadeel Abdo ◽  
Yasmen Msarwe ◽  
Rania Odeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older People ◽  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Educational Interventions ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Psychotropic Medications ◽  
Knowledge Test ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Categorical Groups

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the knowledge of pharmacists practicing in Palestine of issues related to using psychotropic medications in older people. Methods: The study was conducted with a cross-sectional observational design using a questionnaire. A total of 400 pharmacists responded to a 19-statement knowledge test related to the use of psychotropic medications in older people. The study was conducted from July 2016 to February 2017. The reliability and internal consistency of the study tool was assessed using the test-retest method and the Cronbach alpha. Categorical groups were compared using the chi-square test and the Spearman rank correlation. Results: On the 19-statement knowledge test, the median score was 55.3% with an interquartile range of 21.9%. In a comparison of the demographic and practice-related variables of the pharmacists who scored ≥ 50% on the 19-statement knowledge test with those who scored < 50%, age, gender, and having taken a course on psychotropic medications were found to be significantly associated with performance, as shown by the chi-square test and Spearman correlation. Conclusion: Pharmacists practicing in Palestine possess less than optimal knowledge of issues related to the use of psychotropic medications in older people. Continuing educational interventions and/or training might be helpful in improving pharmacists’ knowledge of issues related to using psychotropic medications in older people.

Chi-Square Test for R×CContingency Tables with Clustered Data

2003 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sin-Ho Jung ◽  
Seung-Ho Kang ◽  
Chul Ahn
Keyword(s):  
Clustered Data ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Chi Square Test

scholarly journals Factors Related to Treatment Compliance Among Patients With Heart Failure

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 30-40
Author(s):  
Hoang Thi Ngoc Sen ◽  
Tran Thi Tuyet Linh ◽  
Duong Thi Kieu Trang
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Treatment Compliance ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Fluid Restriction ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Improve Treatment ◽  
Patients With Heart Failure ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Clinical Conditions

Background: Treatment compliance can not only prevent complications among patients with heart failure but also improve their health, quality of life, decrease hospitalization, and mortality rate. Objective: To examine the treatment compliance among patients with heart failure, and identify factors related to treatment compliance. Methods: The descriptive correlational study was carried out in 112 participants by a random sampling technique in the Cardiovascular Department, C Hospital, Vietnam. Data were collected during June to August 2019. Four instruments were used: 1) Demographic and clinical conditions; 2) the Revised Heart Failure Compliance Scale; 3) Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE); and 4) the Japanese Heart Failure Knowledge Scale (JHFKS). Data were analyzed by chi-square test and Spearman rank correlation. Results: Among 54.5% of participants were demonstrated treatment compliance. Compliance with the medication and routine checkup were high (> 80%), whereas doing exercise, fluid restriction and weighing daily were low (43.8%, 33.8%, and 16.1%, respectively). Factors included gender, education level, numbers of hospitalization during the past year, comorbidities, heart failure knowledge, and cognitive function were significantly related to treatment compliance (P < .05). Conclusions: Patients should enhance heart failure knowledge in order to improve treatment compliance. By doing this, heart failure patients were supplied information about the disease when they are hospitalized. Patients with cognitive impairment were also paid attention to improve treatment compliance.  

scholarly journals COMPARISON AND EVALUATION OF CLINICAL EXPERIENCE AND GRAPHOANALYSIS USING HOUSE'S CLASSIFICATION, FOR ASSESSMENT OF EMOTIONAL STATUS OF COMPLETELY EDENTULOUS PATIENTS, IN SUCCESS OF COMPLETE DENTURE.

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Sargam R. Parate ◽  
Jaishree Chahande ◽  
Rahul Gandhi
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Experience ◽  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Complete Denture ◽  
Emotional Status ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Spearman’S Rank Correlation ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Edentulous Patients

Aim: To compare and evaluate clinical experience and graphoanalysis, using House’s classification in assessing the emotional status of completely edentulous patients in success of complete denture. Settings and Design: Comparative analytical study. Methods and Material: 50 completely edentulous patients of age above 45 years (M/F) were taken as subjects. Literate patients were included in the study while incompetent patients and illiterate patients were excluded. Patients were asked to express their expectations regarding the treatment on paper in their handwritings using vernacular language. Subjects were categorized on the basis of age and gender. The handwriting samples were collected and graphoanalysis was done. Statistical analysis used: The resultant data was subjected to statistical analysis using chi square test and spearman's rank correlation test. Results: Considering age, on graphoanalysis (P-18, I-14, E-14, H–4) were found, when compared to Clinical experience (P-23, I-12, E -13, H- 2). While considering gender, on GA (P-18, I-14, E-14 and H-4) were found when compared to CE (P-23, I-12, E-13 and H-2). Chi-square test showed CE and GA were independent of age and gender. Spearman’s rank correlation between CE and GA was 0.217. Conclusions: Clinical experience and graphoanalysis of complete denture patient are independent of Age and Gender. There was a significant correlation between CE and GA, so graphoanalysis can be used for ascertaining the mental attitude of completely edentulous patient.

To find the association between intrapartum amniotic fluid lactate level and labour outcome

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 620
Author(s):  
Aravind Chander ◽  
Seetha Panicker ◽  
Reshma Shri
Keyword(s):  
Amniotic Fluid ◽  
Lactate Level ◽  
Mode Of Delivery ◽  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Active Labour ◽  
Active Labor ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Lactate Levels ◽  
Supplementary Test

Background: Inspite of good monitoring in labour, there are still adverse labour outcomes. There is a need for supplementary test for early prediction of prolonged labour and fetal hypoxia. This study was undertaken to find to find the association between intrapartum amniotic fluid lactate level and labour outcome.Methods: 103 antenatal patients low risk at term, who entered into active labour either spontaneously or induced between September 2012 to August 2013 were included. Amniotic fluid was collected after doing ARM and lactate level was measured. Chi square test was used to find correlation between lactate level and duration of labour, mode of delivery and Apgar score.Results: In our study, patients with duration of labour between 8-<20hours 88 % had lactate level <10mmol/l, thus intra partum amniotic fluid lactate levels had a good negative predictive value when it was compared with the duration of labour. When the mode of delivery was analysed using Chi square test there was no statistically significant correlation (p<0.825) with amniotic fluid lactate. Spearman Rank correlation was done to observe correlation between lactate levels and Apgar which showed a correlation of 0.20 with p<0.05.Conclusions: Amniotic fluid lactate levels had better correlation with duration of labour and Apgar score. The lower the amniotic fluid lactate level, the better is the Apgar at birth. Better correlation could have been observed if amniotic fluid lactate levels were repeated every 3-4 hours during active labor. However, this was not possible due to practical difficulty in collection of sample.

scholarly journals Dental Practitioners and their Perceptions Regarding the Use of Antioxidants in the Promotion of Oral Health

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-14
Author(s):  
Nadia Khan ◽  
Anam Khan ◽  
Burshida Khalid ◽  
Gauri Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Central India ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Spearman’S Rank Correlation ◽  
Dental Practitioners ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
High Knowledge ◽  
Chi Square Test

INTRODUCTION: The role of free radicals is well established as a crucial component of the immune system. AIM: To assess the perception of dental practitioners of Northern and Central India regarding the role of antioxidants in oral health.MATERIALS AND METHOD: A pre-tested and pre-validated online questionnaire was distributed among various dental practitioners in Northern and Central India which consisted of dichotomous responses. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data, followed by the Chi square test to check significant differences between the responses. Correlation between responses were analysed through the Spearman’s rank correlation. Statistical analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20 (SPSS 20).RESULTS: A statistically significant difference was observed among the genders, with females 126 (43.7%) having lesser knowledge than males 162(56.3%) regarding the use of antioxidants in their clinical practice. High knowledge scores were observed in 288 (69.2%) dental professionals. Postgraduates were found to have (p=0.05) a higher level of knowledge as compared to graduates.CONCLUSION: The use of antioxidants in dentistry should be increased through the conduction of various CDE programmes. workshops and evidence-based practice guidelines.

Embracing the Usage of Cellular Telephone in the 21 Century: Its Impact to Business

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
WARREN L. ACAIN
Keyword(s):  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Weighted Mean ◽  
Cellular Telephone ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cellular Telephones ◽  
The Face ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Economic Profile ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Business Cost

Cellular telephone is one of the telecommunication technologies that changes the face of business and the behavior patterns of societies. The study sought to recognize the impact of cellular telephones in business. Explicitly, it directed to identify its impact to its utilization in business and correlates them to thesocio-economic profile. To gather the necessary data, a modified researcher-madequestionnaire was utilized. Further, the study utilized a descriptive-correlationalresearch design. In deriving the results, frequency and percentage, mean or rank,weighted mean, Spearman rank correlation, and likelihood chi-square test werealso employed. Major findings revealed that the gadget was perceived useful inbusiness in the aspect of utilization in communication, business cost or expenses,record filing or keeping, and profiting. The study concludes that the utilizationof cellular telephones in terms of business cost and record filing have reciprocalrelationship with the perceived impact.Keywords: Social Science, cellular telephone, business, descriptive design, Philippines

Cancer patients’ and healthcare providers’ perceptions about supportive and integrative oncology services.

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (34_suppl) ◽  
pp. 100-100
Author(s):  
Cherry Jiang ◽  
Olivia Larbi ◽  
Denise Feyes ◽  
Hasina Momotaz ◽  
Ming Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Cancer Center ◽  
Integrative Oncology ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Spearman’S Rank Correlation ◽  
Chi Square Test

100 Background: Supportive and integrative oncology services help to improve quality of life for cancer patients. This study characterizes and compares the perceptions of these services among cancer patients and healthcare providers. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was administered to Seidman Cancer Center (SCC) providers online in Spring 2018 and to SCC patients in waiting rooms March - July 2018. The survey asked about familiarity, perceived importance, frequency of use, accessibility and barriers of 19 supportive and integrative oncology services using a 5 point Likert scale. Data analysis included the Chi-square test and Spearman’s rank correlation. Results: A total of 585 surveys were obtained (421 patients and 164 healthcare providers). Patients were generally > 60 (58.2%), female (57.4%), Caucasian (64.2%) with most at > 1 year from starting treatment (59.9%). Healthcare providers were physicians (38.7%), RN partners (38.1%), and advanced practice providers (APPs) (23.2%). Most were female (74.3%), Caucasian (80%) and worked at SCC for > 5 years (56.4%). When compared with providers, many patients were not familiar with and did not perceive the supportive and integrative oncology services as important (see table). RN partners regarded physical therapy as less important than physicians and APPs (65.5% vs. 83.9% and 82.9%), while > 85% of providers from each category regarded palliative care, social work and diet & nutrition services as important. The most common barrier for both patients and providers was being unaware of the services (41.6% and 67.1%). Conclusions: Overall, healthcare providers were more familiar than patients with many supportive and integrative oncology services and considered most to be more important. Being unaware of the services was a common barrier identified by both providers and patients. [Table: see text]

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