scholarly journals Effects of Reference Analgesics and Psychoactive Drugs on the Noxious Heat Threshold of Mice Measured by an Increasing-Temperature Water Bath

2013 ◽  
Vol 113 (6) ◽  
pp. 385-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melinda Boros ◽  
Rita Benkó ◽  
Kata Bölcskei ◽  
János Szolcsányi ◽  
Loránd Barthó ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Bath ◽  
Psychoactive Drugs ◽  
Noxious Heat ◽  
Heat Threshold ◽  
Increasing Temperature ◽  
Temperature Water

Commodity Heating Medium and Mexican Fruit Fly Mortality

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 533e-533
Author(s):  
Krista C. Shellie
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Variable Temperature ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Water Bath ◽  
Controlled Atmosphere ◽  
Mexican Fruit Fly ◽  
Temperature Water ◽  
Heating Medium

The objective of this research was to investigate whether the medium used to transfer heat to a commodity influenced the mortality of Mexican fruit fly larvae. A similar 2-h heat dose was delivered to grapefruit via immersion in a variable temperature water bath or via exposure to a rapidly circulating gas. The concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide inside the grapefruit was analyzed at 30-min intervals and grapefruit center temperatures recorded every 60 s during heating. The mortality of larvae located inside grapefruit during heating in a controlled atmosphere or in hot water was significantly higher than that of larvae located inside grapefruit heated in air. The internal atmosphere of grapefruit heated in a controlled atmosphere or in hot water contained significantly higher levels of carbon dioxide and lower levels of oxygen than grapefruit heated in air. Larval mortality was compared after larvae were heated in media by rapidly circulating air or by an atmosphere containing 4 kPa of oxygen and 18 kPa of carbon dioxide to evaluate whether the altered atmosphere or a heat-induced fruit metabolite was responsible for enhanced mortality. The significantly higher mortality of larvae heated in media in the presence of an altered atmosphere suggested that the altered atmosphere enhanced larval mortality. Results from this research suggest that reducing oxygen and or increasing the level of carbon dioxide during heating can enhance mortality of the Mexican fruit fly and potentially reduce the heat dose required for quarantine security.

Oxygen Pressure Aging. Improved Equipment

1938 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 722-727
Author(s):  
L. M. Freeman
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Pressure ◽  
Pressure Vessel ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Oxygen Supply ◽  
Pressure Vessels ◽  
Water Bath ◽  
Aging Test ◽  
Constant Temperature Water Bath ◽  
Temperature Water ◽  
Continuous Source

Abstract Since the introduction of the oxygen pressure-aging test by Bierer and Davis, prevailing standard conditions for the test have been 70° C. (158° F.) and 300 pounds per square inch oxygen pressure. Various types of equipment have been used; usually the equipment has consisted of a pressure vessel immersed in a constant-temperature water bath to which is connected an oxygen supply. In the majority of instances the equipment has been difficult to operate and maintain for several reasons: Immersion of pressure vessels in a water bath made handling difficult. Corrosion was a continuous source of trouble, causing “freezing” of cover bolts and making it difficult to obtain a leakproof oxygen seal between cover and vessel. This caused loss of oxygen. Each time the pressure vessel was removed from the bath it was necessary to disconnect the oxygen supply and make the connection again when the test was started. This also caused loss of oxygen. If more than one pressure vessel was connected to the oxygen supply and a safety released, the entire oxygen supply was exhausted. The original pressure vessels were relatively large. Since the use of age resistors on a large scale, smaller units have been desirable in order to decrease migration of age resistors and eliminate erroneous results. Some of these operation difficulties were outlined by Ingmanson and Kemp, who also emphasized the importance of temperature control to obtain reproducible results. It is the purpose of this paper to describe an improved oxygen pressure installation which avoids some of these difficulties.

Research of Artificial Rumen Constant Temperature Water Bath Based on Fuzzy Logic Controller

2014 ◽  
Vol 602-605 ◽  
pp. 2487-2490
Author(s):  
Xi Wu Li ◽  
Bo Xu
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Control ◽  
Constant Temperature ◽  
Fuzzy Logic Controller ◽  
Control Unit ◽  
Bath Temperature ◽  
Water Bath ◽  
Dynamic Responses ◽  
Test Operation ◽  
Constant Temperature Water Bath ◽  
Temperature Water

In the artificial rumen device constant temperature water bath temperature control for model and parameter uncertainty is proposed that 89S51 microcontroller as the control core, using fuzzy control algorithm, realized thermostatically control of water bath temperature. This paper presents the overall system architecture and design philosophy of fuzzy control unit and associated circuits. Systematic simulation and test operation showed that: the good dynamic responses of the system, high precision control, strong robustness, achieve better control of the water bath temperature.

Leukotriene B4 decreases the mechanical and thermal thresholds of C-fiber nociceptors in the hairy skin of the rat

1988 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 438-445 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. A. Martin ◽  
A. I. Basbaum ◽  
E. J. Goetzl ◽  
J. D. Levine
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Glacial Acetic Acid ◽  
Leukotriene B4 ◽  
Thermal Stimulation ◽  
Mechanical Stimuli ◽  
Noxious Heat ◽  
C Fibers ◽  
Mechanical Threshold ◽  
C Fiber ◽  
Heat Threshold

1. We have recently shown that leukotriene B4 (LTB4), a product of the 5-lipoxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism, sensitizes nociceptors to mechanical stimuli. The present study examined whether LTB4 also induces a heat sensitization of cutaneous C-fiber nociceptors. The C-fiber nociceptors studied had von Frey hair thresholds greater than 5 g and were characterized according to their responses to noxious heat and chemical stimuli, including glacial acetic acid, bradykinin, and capsaicin. Thirty-four of the C-fibers that were activated by intense thermal stimulation were also activated by topical application of glacial acetic acid. They were classified as C-polymodal nociceptors (2, 28). Those that were activated by intense mechanical and thermal stimulation, but were unresponsive to acid, were classified as C-mechanoheat nociceptors (27). 2. Ninety-four percent of C-polymodal nociceptors and 60% of C-mechanoheat nociceptors were sensitized by LTB4. All C-fiber nociceptors that showed a decrease of their heat threshold also had a decrease of their mechanical threshold. LTB4 (75 ng) lowered the average heat threshold from 45 degrees C to 35 degrees C and produced an average decrease in the mechanical threshold of 86%. 3. The magnitude of the LTB4-evoked decrease in thermal threshold was similar to that produced by 75 ng of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). These data demonstrate that LTB4 sensitizes C-mechanoheat nociceptors to both mechanical and thermal stimuli. 4. We conclude that LTB4 may contribute to the component of hyperalgesia that is resistant to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents.

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