Carbohydrate utilization by herbivorous and omnivorous freshwater fish species: a comparative study on gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio. var CAS III) and grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus)

2014 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 128-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiangsong Li ◽  
Xiaoming Zhu ◽  
Dong Han ◽  
Yunxia Yang ◽  
Junyan Jin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Freshwater Fish ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Grass Carp ◽  
Carassius Auratus ◽  
Gibel Carp ◽  
Carassius Auratus Gibelio ◽  
Ctenopharyngodon Idellus ◽  
Carbohydrate Utilization ◽  
Freshwater Fish Species

Liver Alterations in Two Freshwater Fish Species (Carassius auratus and Danio rerio) Following Exposure to Different TiO2 Nanoparticle Concentrations

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 1131-1140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mário S. Diniz ◽  
António P. Alves de Matos ◽  
Joana Lourenço ◽  
Luísa Castro ◽  
Isabel Peres ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Freshwater Fish ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Danio Rerio ◽  
Carassius Auratus ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Partial Recovery ◽  
Activity Increase ◽  
Freshwater Fish Species

AbstractThe toxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TIO2 NPs) and oxidative stress effects were studied in two freshwater fish species (Carassius auratus and Danio rerio) exposed for 21 days to different concentrations (0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, 100/mgL) of TiO2 NPs and to a control (tap water). Additional fish were transferred to clean water for 14 days to assess the ability to recover from exposure to TiO2 NPs. Activities of the enzyme glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) (malondialdheyde) were measured as indicators of oxidative stress. Histological and ultra-structural changes in livers from bothspecies of fish were evaluated by light and electron microscopy. Results show a general GST activity increase according to TiO2 NPs concentrations, which is in agreement with data from LPO. After 21 days, GST activities decreased possibly caused by suppression of GST synthesis as a result of severe stress. Histological and ultra-structural analysis of livers from exposed fish show degeneration of the hepatic tissue and alterations in hepatocytes such as glycogen depletion and an increase in lipofucsin lysosome-like granules. After a depuration period a partial recovery for biochemical markers and cells was observed. The results suggest that TiO2 promotes alterations in hepatic tissues compatible with oxidative stress.

scholarly journals Histological and biochemical effects of exposure to TiO2 nanoparticles in livers of two freshwater fish species: Carassius auratus and Danio rerio

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (S4) ◽  
pp. 51-52
Author(s):  
M.S. Diniz ◽  
A.P. Alves de Matos ◽  
J. Lourenço ◽  
L. Castro ◽  
I. Peres ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Freshwater Fish ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Danio Rerio ◽  
Aquatic Environment ◽  
Carassius Auratus ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Freshwater Fish Species

Nanoparticles (NPs), particles with at least one dimension less than 100 nm, are used in many industrial applications and to produce new types of materials with unique physicochemical properties. The aquatic environment is commonly the ultimate recipient for NPs and there is uncertainty of exposure as understanding and data regarding the potential detrimental effects of NPs on aquatic biota are missing. In this study, titanium dioxide (TiO2) was chosen for its potential use in technology and diverse industrial applications. The objective of this work is to evaluate the toxicity of TiO2 NPs on total liver glutathione-S-transferase (GST), lipid peroxidation and tissue structure of the livers of two freshwater fish species (Carassius auratus and Danio rerio).Stock suspensions of TiO2 NPs, with an average size of 21 nm, were prepared using distilled water and then ultrasonicated (10 min, 35 KHz). The suspensions were added to 10L of tap water in exposure tanks, to obtain nominal concentrations (0.01; 0.1; 1, 10; 100 TiO2 mg/L). The test fish, C. auratus (N=144) and D. rerio (N=80), were randomly distributed by 6 exposure tanks and an additional tank with clean tap water was used as control. Fish were sampled after 7, 14, and 21 days. Six fish from both species were left for depuration in clean tap water during 14 days and then sacrificed. Immediately after sampling the fish were processed for enzymatic determination and histopathology. The GST activity was determined by following the procedure described by Habig et al. and lipid peroxidation was measured based on the Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Species method. The tissues were processed essentially according to Martoja and Martoja for light microscopy (LM). For transmission electron microscopy (TEM) the samples were fixed sequentially in glutaraldehyde, osmium tetroxide and uranyl acetate, dehydrated in ethanol and embedded in Epon-Araldite according to standard procedures. The histological and ultra-structural observations were carried out using a Leica microscope (Leica-ATC 2000) and a JEOL 100-SX electron microscope respectively.The results showed increased activities of the GST in livers with increasing TiO2 NP concentrations after 7 days of exposure, however after 14 days a trend to decrease was observed for both species. The GST results suggest that the increase of activity of these detoxification enzymes can be a response to oxidative stress caused by the generation of reactive oxygen species by the NP. On the other hand, size, chemical composition, surface area, shape, solubility and aggregation may also contribute for NPs toxicity. The results from lipid peroxidation showed an increase according to tested concentrations suggesting that TiO2 NPs is able to cause cell damage and is in agreement with biochemical and histological findings. After 14 days of depuration, GST and lipid peroxidation levels were not significant different from controls suggesting that cells are able to recover in a certain degree. The results from LM (Fig. 1) showed that exposure to TiO2 NPs affected liver structure, with more pronounced changes detected in livers from fish exposed to higher concentrations. Observed changes include tissue degeneration, inflammation and pyknosis among others. The TEM analysis revealed also severe changes in liver cells compatible with oxidative stress. Hepatocytes of treated fish showed glycogen depletion, swollen mitochondria and increased lysosomes, compared to controls. After depuration, some cells recovered nearly normal morphology, but retained the lysosomes, while others underwent necrotic changes (Fig. 2). Differences among the two species studied were of a quantitative nature, and more pronounced in Danio rerio.The results suggest that potential risk to fish health exist related to the TiO2 NPs release to the aquatic environment and may cause deleterious effects in aquatic organisms. It is evident that the effects of TiO2 NPs on environment is a matter of great concern and the precise mechanisms of toxicity of this and other types of NPs must be clarified.The authors acknowledge the funding by Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia through grant PTDC/CTM/099446/2008 and through project no. PEst-C/EQB/LA0006/2011 granted to Requimte.

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