High‐carbon steel and ancient sword‐making as observed in a double‐edged sword from an Iron Age megalithic burial in Tamil Nadu, India

Archaeometry ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-80
Author(s):  
J.‐S. Park ◽  
K. Rajan ◽  
R. Ramesh
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
High Carbon Steel ◽  
High Carbon

Crucible Steel in South India-Preliminary Investigations on Crucibles from Some Newly Identified Sites

1996 ◽  
Vol 462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharada Srinivasan
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
High Carbon Steel ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
High Carbon ◽  
Metal Mining ◽  
Hypereutectoid Steel ◽  
Iron And Steel ◽  
Crucible Steel

ABSTRACTEuropean accounts from the 17th century onwards have referred to the repute and manufacture of “wootz’, a traditional crucible steel made especially in parts of southern India in the former provinces of Golconda, Mysore and Salem. Pliny's Natural History mentions the import of iron and steel from the Seres which have been thought to refer to the ancient southern Indian kingdom of the Cheras. As yet the scale of excavations and surface surveys is too limited to link the literary accounts to archaeometallurgical evidence, although pioneering exploratory investigations have been made by scholars, especially on the pre-industrial production sites of Konasamudram and Gatihosahalli discussed in 18th-19th century European accounts. In 1991–2 during preliminary surveys of ancient base metal mining sites, Srinivasan came across unreported dumps with crucible fragments at Mel-Siruvalur in Tamil Nadu, and Tintini and Machnur in Karnataka and she collected surface specimens from these sites as well as from the known site of Gatihosahalli. She was also given crucible fragments by the Tamil University, Tanjavur, from an excavated megalithic site at Kodumanal, dated to ca 2nd c. Bc, mentioned in Tamil Sangam literature (ca 3rd c. BC-3rd c. AD), and very near Karur, the ancient capital of the Sangam Cheras. Analyses of crucible fragments from the surface collection at Mel-Siruvalur showed several iron prills with a uniform pearlitic structure of high-carbon hypereutectoid steel (∼1–1.5% C) suggesting that the end product was uniformly a high-carbon steel of a structure consistent with those of high-carbon steels used successfully to experimentally replicate the watered steel patterns on ‘Damascus’ swords. Investigations indicate that the process was of carburisation of molten low carbon iron (m.p. 1400° C) in crucibles packed with carbonaceous matter. The fabric of crucibles from all the above mentioned sites appears similar. Preliminary investigations on these crucibles are thus reported to establish their relationship to crucible production of carbon steel and to thereby extend the known horizons of this technology further.

Internal friction in a martensitic high-carbon steel

2001 ◽  
Vol 81 (12) ◽  
pp. 2797-2808
Author(s):  
Rustem Bagramov, Daniele Mari, Willy Benoi
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Internal Friction ◽  
High Carbon Steel ◽  
High Carbon

Weldability of electroslag remelted high-carbon steel at flash-butt welding

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 (3) ◽  
pp. 29-37
Author(s):  
A.A. Polishko ◽  
◽  
L.B. Medovar ◽  
A.P. Stovpchenko ◽  
E.V. Antipin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
High Carbon Steel ◽  
High Carbon ◽  
Butt Welding

On the Measurement of Modulus in Torsion of High Carbon Steel Wire by Torsion Tester

1967 ◽  
Vol 53 (11) ◽  
pp. 1342-1344
Author(s):  
Akira NAKAGAWA ◽  
Akihiro SUZUKI ◽  
Tadatsugu KISHIGAMI ◽  
Norio NAGAI
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Steel Wire ◽  
High Carbon Steel ◽  
High Carbon

UNS G10600

Alloy Digest ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
High Carbon Steel ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
High Carbon ◽  
Steel Mills

Abstract UNS No. G 10600 is a high-carbon steel of low hardenability. It may be used in the as-rolled, annealed, normalized or quenched and-tempered condition, depending on the desired properties. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties as well as fracture toughness. It also includes information on forming, heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: CS-129. Producer or source: Carbon steel mills.

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