scholarly journals The role of molecular mimicry and other factors in the association of Human Endogenous Retroviruses and autoimmunity

Apmis ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 124 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 88-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malgorzata Trela ◽  
Paul N. Nelson ◽  
Paul B. Rylance
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mimicry ◽  
Endogenous Retroviruses ◽  
Human Endogenous Retroviruses

scholarly journals Endogenous Retroviruses Activity as a Molecular Signature of Neurodevelopmental Disorders

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (23) ◽  
pp. 6050 ◽  
Author(s):  
Balestrieri ◽  
Matteucci ◽  
Cipriani ◽  
Grelli ◽  
Ricceri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neurodevelopmental Disorders ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Endogenous Retroviruses ◽  
Molecular Signature ◽  
System Support ◽  
Human Endogenous Retroviruses ◽  
Biological Trait ◽  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorders ◽  
External Stimuli

Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) are genetic elements resulting from relics of ancestral infection of germline cells, now recognized as cofactors in the etiology of several complex diseases. Here we present a review of findings supporting the role of the abnormal HERVs activity in neurodevelopmental disorders. The derailment of brain development underlies numerous neuropsychiatric conditions, likely starting during prenatal life and carrying on during subsequent maturation of the brain. Autism spectrum disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorders, and schizophrenia are neurodevelopmental disorders that arise clinically during early childhood or adolescence, currently attributed to the interplay among genetic vulnerability, environmental risk factors, and maternal immune activation. The role of HERVs in human embryogenesis, their intrinsic responsiveness to external stimuli, and the interaction with the immune system support the involvement of HERVs in the derailed neurodevelopmental process. Although definitive proofs that HERVs are involved in neurobehavioral alterations are still lacking, both preclinical models and human studies indicate that the abnormal expression of ERVs could represent a neurodevelopmental disorders-associated biological trait in affected individuals and their parents.

The role of human endogenous retroviruses in melanoma

2009 ◽  
Vol 161 (6) ◽  
pp. 1225-1231 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Singh ◽  
S. Kaye ◽  
M.E. Gore ◽  
M.O. McClure ◽  
C.B. Bunker
Keyword(s):  
Endogenous Retroviruses ◽  
Human Endogenous Retroviruses

scholarly journals Human Endogenous Retroviruses (HERVs) and Autoimmune Rheumatic Disease: Is There a Link?

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola Tugnet ◽  
Paul Rylance ◽  
Denise Roden ◽  
Malgorzata Trela ◽  
Paul Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatic Disease ◽  
Rheumatic Diseases ◽  
Chronic Conditions ◽  
Molecular Mimicry ◽  
Endogenous Retroviruses ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Human Endogenous Retroviruses ◽  
Novel Treatments ◽  
Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases ◽  
Autoimmune Rheumatic Disease

Autoimmune rheumatic diseases, such as RA and SLE, are caused by genetic, hormonal and environmental factors. Human Endogenous Retroviruses (HERVs) may be triggers of autoimmune rheumatic disease. HERVs are fossil viruses that began to be integrated into the human genome some 30-40 million years ago and now make up 8% of the genome. Evidence suggests HERVs may cause RA and SLE, among other rheumatic diseases. The key mechanisms by which HERVS are postulated to cause disease include molecular mimicry and immune dysregulation. Identification of HERVs in RA and SLE could lead to novel treatments for these chronic conditions. This review summarises the evidence for HERVs as contributors to autoimmune rheumatic disease and the clinical implications and mechanisms of pathogenesis are discussed.

Role of Human Endogenous Retroviruses in Lymphoma Pathogenesis and a Possible Biomarker of Disease

Blood ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 112 (11) ◽  
pp. 3751-3751 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott D. Gitlin ◽  
Rafael Contreras- Galindo ◽  
Mark H. Kaplan ◽  
David M. Markovitz
Keyword(s):  
Human Genome ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Endogenous Retroviruses ◽  
Human Endogenous Retrovirus ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Human Endogenous Retroviruses ◽  
Viral Expression ◽  
Very High

Abstract Actively replicating retroviruses entered hominid species millions of years ago and through mutations preventing replication now exist as 8% of the human genome. Active retroviral particles and antigens from the supposedly dormant human endogenous retrovirus, HERV-K (HML2), have been identified in several cancer cell lines. We have recently demonstrated very high RNA titers of HERV-K (HML2) in the plasma of HIV positive individuals by nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA) and RT-PCR. We now demonstrate very high HERV-K (HML2) RNA titers in the plasma of patients with HIV positive and HIV negative non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and in Hodgkin Disease (HD), but not in normal individuals. Different copies of HERV-K (HML-2) present throughout the human genome exist as Type 1 viruses which encode a new oncoprotein, NP9, or as Type 2 viruses which encode a functional envelope (env) and express the Rec oncoprotein. Both Types 1 and 2 viruses appear in NHLs but only Type 1 appears in the plasma of those with HD. HERV-K (HML2) Env and Gag proteins, Env and Gag RNA, and Reverse Transcriptase (RT) activity are isolated from patients with a variety of NHLs, but not in normal controls or in patients with non-malignant diseases. Viral titers dramatically decrease, up to an approximately 7.5 log drop, when patients with NHL or HD go into remission following treatment. To further establish the presence of functional viruses in NHL and HD, immuno-gold electron microscopy allowed demonstration of HERV-K (HML2) particles in the plasma of lymphoma patients. Preliminary analysis of the effect of antiretroviral agents on cell lines infected with HERV-K (HML2) demonstrate a drug class-specific reduction in viral expression at drug concentration levels that range from 0.125 – 1 mcg/mL. In conclusion, we have demonstrated evidence that human endogenous retroviruses are found in the plasma of patients with NHL and HD, suggesting that these viruses, previously presumed to be inactive, may play a role in lymphoma pathogenesis. The observation that viral expression parallels declines in disease activity with treatment of disease may allow use of HERV-K (HML2) expression as a biomarker of lymphoma activity. The role of the HERV-K (HML2)-encoded oncoproteins in disease pathogenesis is under study, as is the potential role of antiretroviral therapy for these malignancies.

scholarly journals The Relationship of the Mechanisms of the Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis and the Expression of Endogenous Retroviruses

Biology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 464
Author(s):  
Vera R. Lezhnyova ◽  
Ekaterina V. Martynova ◽  
Timur I. Khaiboullin ◽  
Richard A. Urbanowicz ◽  
Svetlana F. Khaiboullina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Endogenous Retroviruses ◽  
Epigenetic Mechanisms ◽  
Humoral Factors ◽  
Human Endogenous Retroviruses ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Two human endogenous retroviruses of the HERV-W family can act as cofactors triggering multiple sclerosis (MS): MS-associated retrovirus (MSRV) and ERVWE1. Endogenous retroviral elements are believed to have integrated in our ancestors’ DNA millions of years ago. Their involvement in the pathogenesis of various diseases, including neurodegenerative pathologies, has been demonstrated. Numerous studies have shown a correlation between the deterioration of patients’ health and increased expression of endogenous retroviruses. The exact causes and mechanisms of endogenous retroviruses activation remains unknown, which hampers development of therapeutics. In this review, we will summarize the main characteristics of human endogenous W retroviruses and describe the putative mechanisms of activation, including epigenetic mechanisms, humoral factors as well as the role of the exogenous viral infections.

Cross-talk of the environment with the host genome and the immune system through endogenous retroviruses in systemic lupus erythematosus

Lupus ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 18 (13) ◽  
pp. 1136-1143 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Blank ◽  
Y. Shoenfeld ◽  
A. Perl
Keyword(s):  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Molecular Mimicry ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Stress Hormones ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Histone Deacetylation ◽  
Endogenous Retroviruses ◽  
Autoimmune Response ◽  
Human Endogenous Retroviruses ◽  
Ultraviolet Exposure

Environmental factors are capable of triggering the expression of human endogenous retroviruses and induce an autoimmune response. Infection can promote the expression of human endogenous retroviruses by molecular mimicry or by functional mimicry. There are additional mechanisms which may control the expression of human endogenous retroviruses, such as epigenetic status of the genome (hypomethylation, histone deacetylation). Ultraviolet exposure, chemicals/drugs, injury/stress, hormones, all as a single cause or in a concert, may modulate the involvement of human endogenous retroviruses in pathogenic processes. In the current review we summarize the current knowledge on infections, molecular mimicry, cross-reactivity and epigenetics contribution for trigger human endogenous retroviruses expression and pathogenesis in lupus patients. Lupus (2009) 18, 1136—1143.

The role of human endogenous retroviruses in brain development and function

Apmis ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 124 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 105-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristien Mortelmans ◽  
Feng Wang-Johanning ◽  
Gary L. Johanning
Keyword(s):  
Brain Development ◽  
Endogenous Retroviruses ◽  
Human Endogenous Retroviruses ◽  
And Function
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