Correlation between change in cycloplegic spherical equivalent refractive error and change in axial length in Danish children aged 6 to 12 year

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trine Møldrup Jakobsen ◽  
Nikolaj Lykkegaard Gehr ◽  
Flemming Møller
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Error ◽  
Axial Length ◽  
Spherical Equivalent

scholarly journals A calculator proposal for estimating refractive error after 3 years using the onset biometric values in primary school children: a cohort study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feride Tuncer Orhan ◽  
Haluk Huseyin Gürsoy
Keyword(s):  
Primary School ◽  
Anterior Chamber ◽  
Refractive Error ◽  
Axial Length ◽  
Anterior Chamber Depth ◽  
Primary School Children ◽  
Optical Parameters ◽  
Spherical Equivalent ◽  
Final Data ◽  
The Mean

Aim To evaluate consecutive measurements of the biometric parameters, age, and refraction error in a Turkish population at primary school age. Materials and Methods A total of 197 children aged between 7-12 years were included. The data of three consecutive measurements of children, who were examined at least once a year for three years using both cycloplegic auto-refractometry and optical biometry, were used in this retrospective study. Spherical equivalent <-0.50D was considered to be myopic; >+0.75D was considered to be hypermetropic. Age, gender, body mass index, spherical equivalent, axial length, anterior chamber depth, central corneal thickness, keratometry, and lens thickness were analyzed. The onset data obtained in 2013 whereas, the final data were from 2015. Logistic and Cox regression analyses were performed (p<0.05). Results The mean of the onset and the final spherical equivalents were 0.19D (0.56), and 0.08D (0.80), respectively. The myopia prevalence was increased among refractive errors in observation periods (univariable analysis p=0.029; multivariable analysis p=0.017). The onset axial length (HR:4.55, 95%CI:2.87-7.24, p<0.001), keratometry (HR:2.04, 95%CI:1.55-2.67, p<0.001) and age (HR:0.73, 95%CI: 0.57-0.92, p=0.009) correlated myopia progression. To calculate the estimated spherical equivalent, the onset data were included in the logistic regression model. The onset data of spherical equivalent (β=0.916, p<0.001), axial length (β=-0.451, p<0.001), anterior chamber depth (β=0.430, p=0.005) and keratometry (β=-0.172, p<0.001) were found to be significantly associated with the mean SE at the final data. Conclusions To calculate the estimated spherical equivalent following three years, an equation was proposed. The estimated refractive error of children can be calculated by using the proposed equation with the associated onset optical parameters.

scholarly journals Choroidal Thickness in Chinese Children Aged 8 to 11 Years with Mild and Moderate Myopia

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Ya Qi ◽  
Li Li ◽  
Fengju Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Error ◽  
Axial Length ◽  
Choroidal Thickness ◽  
Narrow Range ◽  
The Other ◽  
Chinese Children ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Spherical Equivalent ◽  
Subfoveal Choroidal Thickness

Purpose. To investigate macular choroidal thickness (CT), topographical variation, and associations between subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) and age, gender, spherical equivalent (SE), and axial length (AL) in Chinese healthy mild and moderate myopia children aged 8 to 11 years. Methods. One hundred twenty eyes from 120 healthy children were studied. Children were divided into mild and moderate myopia groups. AL and CT were evaluated. CTs were measured at the fovea, and 1 mm, 2 mm, and 3 mm nasal, temporal, superior, and inferior to the fovea. Results. SFCT was 252.80 ± 46.95 µm in the whole population. AL was shorter in the mild myopia group (24.18 ± 0.69 mm) than in the moderate myopia group (24.97 ± 0.68 mm, P<0.001), and SFCT was thicker in the mild myopia group (262.00 ± 40.57 µm) than in the moderate myopia group (236.00 ± 55.08 µm, P=0.005). The topographical variation was similar in refraction groups. CTs nasal to the fovea thinned gradually and were all significantly thinner than SFCT. CTs in the other three directions gradually thickened and peaked at locations of 2 mm to the fovea. Then, CTs thinned at 3 mm to the fovea. The thickest choroid is located temporal to the fovea. There were significant negative correlations between AL and SFCT in the mild myopia group and the whole population. No other correlations were found. Conclusions. The topographical variations of choroidal thickness were similar in mild and moderate myopia groups with the thickest locations temporal to the fovea. SFCT was relatively stable in children in narrow range of age and refractive error.

scholarly journals Interocular Symmetry in Macular Choroidal Thickness in Children

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christiane Al-Haddad ◽  
Lama El Chaar ◽  
Rafic Antonios ◽  
Mays El-Dairi ◽  
Baha’ Noureddin
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Error ◽  
Axial Length ◽  
Choroidal Thickness ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Spherical Equivalent ◽  
High Definition ◽  
Biometric Data ◽  
Ocular Abnormality ◽  
Thickness Measurements ◽  
Sd Oct

Objective.To report interocular differences in choroidal thickness in children using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and correlate findings with biometric data.Methods.This observational cross-sectional study included 91 (182 eyes) healthy children aged 6 to 17 years with no ocular abnormality except refractive error. After a comprehensive eye exam and axial length measurement, high definition macular scans were performed using SD-OCT. Two observers manually measured the choroidal thickness at the foveal center and at 1500 µm nasally, temporally, inferiorly, and superiorly. Interocular differences were computed; correlations with age, gender, refractive error, and axial length were performed.Results.Mean age was 10.40 ± 3.17 years; mean axial length and refractive error values were similar between fellow eyes. There was excellent correlation between the two observers’ measurements. No significant interocular differences were observed at any location. There was only a trend for right eyes to have higher values in all thicknesses, except the superior thickness. Most of the choroidal thickness measurements correlated positively with spherical equivalent but not with axial length, age, or gender.Conclusion.Choroidal thickness measurements in children as performed using SD-OCT revealed a high level of interobserver agreement and consistent interocular symmetry. Values correlated positively with spherical equivalent refraction.

scholarly journals Refraction in Preschool Children in Kazanlak, Bulgaria

Folia Medica ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 345-351
Author(s):  
Kiril Slaveykov ◽  
Kalina Trifonova
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Refractive Error ◽  
Axial Length ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Spherical Equivalent ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Refractive State ◽  
Myopic Shift ◽  
The City

Introduction: The refractive state of the eye changes as the eye&rsquo;s axial length increases and the cornea and lens flatten. In general, eyes are hyperopic at birth, become slightly more hyperopic until the age of 7, which at this point we see a myopic shift toward plano until the eyes reach their adult dimensions, usually by about the age 16. Aim: To determine the prevalence of refractive error in preschool children aged 3 - 6 in the city of Kazanlak, Bulgaria. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in a kindergarten based school within the city of Kazanlak, Bul&shy;garia. Out of 15 kindergarten schools, 10 chose to participate in the study. The children underwent non-mydriatic refraction screening using a Plus-Optix S12&#1089; mobile camera. Myopia, hyperopia and astigmatism were defined as being a spherical equivalent (SE) &le; &minus;0.50 D, SE &ge; +2.00 D and cylindrical diopters &le; &minus;1.00 D. Results: A total of 596 children were screened. Out of these 596 children; 526 were with ametropia (470 hypermetropia, 46 myopia) and 50 had astigmatism. Strabismus was found in 12 children, with a further 8 children suffering from amblyopia and finally 8 children were also found to be diagnosed with anisometropia. In 8 cases there were no results due to opacities or due to the small size of the pupil. Conclusion: The prevalence of refractive error in preschool children is similar to that found in other research in the field. While most cases fall into the category of emmetropia or mild hypermetropia, most of the children had never been to an ophthalmologist. A manda&shy;tory checkup should be issued for all children below the age of seven.

scholarly journals Study of Cataract in Relation to Axial Length and Refractivity of the Eye

1970 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 130-134
Author(s):  
Surabhi Sharma ◽  
Satyaswarup Tripathy ◽  
Syed Ali Raza Rizvi
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Error ◽  
Axial Length ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Nuclear Cataract ◽  
Spherical Equivalent ◽  
Posterior Subcapsular Cataract ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Axial Myopia

Aim: To ascertain the association between different types and densities of age-related cataract with axial length and refractive state of the eye.Methods: This prospective observational institute-based study enrolled 462 eyes of 450 patients aged 40 years or older. Eyes were classified as myopic (axial length, >25 mm), emmetropic (axial length, 21-25 mm), and hypermetropic (axial length, <21 mm). Refractive error was defined as myopia (spherical equivalent, <-0.5 D) and hypermetropia (spherical equivalent, >+0.5 D). Cataract was categorised as nuclear, cortical, or posterior subcapsular. Nuclear density was measured based on the Emery and Little Classification after slit-lamp biomicroscopy. Student t test for unpaired samples and Fisher and Yates tables were used to analyse statistical significance.Results: Emmetropia was the most common condition (417 eyes). The most common cataract combination was nuclear with posterior subcapsular (n = 198; 44%). In the axial myopia group, nuclear cataract was thecommonest type, alone or in combination with other types (n = 33; 100%). Most eyes had refractive error of 0 to -5 D. The grade of nuclear cataract increased with increasing age (n = 48 for grade IV nuclear cataract in the 70 to 79 years age group). In all age groups, a higher grade of nuclear sclerosis was significantly associated with axial length (t = 2.2; p < 0.05). The relationship was also significant for posterior subcapsular cataract (t = 2.7; p < 0.05).Conclusions: Nuclear cataract leads to a myopic shift in refraction. In otherwise healthy eyes, there is a gradual hypermetropic shift. The prevalence and grade of nuclear cataract increases with age. Longer axial length is associated with a higher grade of nuclear and posterior subcapsular cataract.

scholarly journals Spectacle Lenses With Slightly Aspherical Lenslets for Myopia Control: Clinical Trial Design and Baseline Data

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junhong Chen ◽  
Ran Zhuo ◽  
Jiayan Chen ◽  
Adeline Yang ◽  
Ee Woon Lim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Refractive Error ◽  
Axial Length ◽  
Baseline Data ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Spherical Equivalent ◽  
Single Vision ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Myopia Control

Abstract Objectives: Myopia is a major public health problem and it is essential to find safe and effective means to control its progression. The study design and baseline data are presented for a one-year prospective, double-masked, cross-over, randomized clinical trial evaluating the efficacy of single vision spectacle lenses with concentric rings of slightly aspherical contiguous lenslets technology (SAL) on myopia control. Methods: One hundred 8- to 13-year old Chinese children with a refractive error of -0.75 D to -4.75 D were assigned into two groups. In Group 1, SAL then single vision lenses were each worn for 6 months, and Group 2 wore the lenses in the reversed order. Primary outcomes are axial length and spherical equivalent of cycloplegic refractive error. Secondary outcomes include corneal thickness, anterior chamber depth, lens thickness, visual acuity, and lens adaptation.Results: No significant differences in baseline parameters (cycloplegic spherical equivalent, axial length, age) were found between groups (0.49 < p < 0.94). All children adapted well to the test lenses and there was no significant difference in visual acuity between the SAL and single vision lenses (p = 0.27).Conclusions: The children in the two well balanced groups had comparable visual acuity and adapted well to the test lenses. These results imply the visual acuity can be well improved by SAL lens. Clear visual acuity provide the assurance for good compliance in this longitudinal study.

scholarly journals Variations of OCT measurements corrected for the magnification effect according to axial length and refractive error in children

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (01) ◽  
pp. 1850001
Author(s):  
Inmaculada Bueno-Gimeno ◽  
Enrique España-Gregori ◽  
Andres Gene-Sampedro ◽  
Juan Carlos Ondategui-Parra ◽  
Carlos J. Zapata-Rodriguez
Keyword(s):  
Optic Disc ◽  
Refractive Error ◽  
Axial Length ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Spherical Equivalent ◽  
Correct Interpretation ◽  
Fiber Layer ◽  
Rnfl Thickness ◽  
Master System ◽  
Magnification Effect

Purpose: The aim of this paper was to examine the distribution of macular, retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness and optic disc parameters of myopic and hyperopic eyes in comparison with emmetropic control eyes and to investigate their variation according to axial length (AL) and spherical equivalent (SE) in healthy children. Methods: This study included 293 pairs of eyes of 293 children (145 boys and 148 girls), ranging in age from 6 to 17 years. Subjects were divided according to SE in control (emmetropia, 99 children), myopia (100 children) and hyperopia (94 children) groups and according to axial AL in 68 short ([Formula: see text]22.00[Formula: see text]mm, 68), medium (from [Formula: see text]22.00[Formula: see text]mm to 25.00[Formula: see text]mm, 189) and long eyes ([Formula: see text]25.00[Formula: see text]mm, 36). Macular parameters, RNFL thickness and optic disc morphology were assessed by the CirrusTM HD-OCT. AL was measured using the IOL-Master system. Littmann’s formula was used for calculating the corrected AL-related ocular magnification. Results: Mean age ([Formula: see text][Formula: see text]SD) was 10.84[Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]3.05 years; mean ([Formula: see text][Formula: see text]SD) SE was [Formula: see text]0.14[Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]0.51 D (range from [Formula: see text]8.75 to [Formula: see text]8.25 D) and mean AL ([Formula: see text][Formula: see text]SD) was 23.12[Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]1.49. Average RNFL thickness, average macular thickness and macular volume decreased as AL and myopia increased. No correlations between AL/SE and optic disc parameters were found after correcting for magnification effect. Conclusions: AL and refractive error affect measurements of macular and RNFL thickness in healthy children. To make a correct interpretation of OCT measurements, ocular magnification effect should be taken into account by clinicians or OCT manufacturers.

scholarly journals Posterior Scleral Reinforcement for The Treatment of Myopic Foveoschisis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qing He ◽  
Xiu Wang ◽  
Caiyuan Xie ◽  
Anquan Xue ◽  
Ruihua Wei
Keyword(s):  
Optical Coherence Tomography ◽  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Refractive Error ◽  
Axial Length ◽  
Spherical Equivalent ◽  
Myopic Foveoschisis ◽  
Corrected Visual Acuity ◽  
Posterior Scleral Reinforcement ◽  
Best Corrected Visual Acuity

Abstract Background: This study aimed to investigate the clinical effectiveness of posterior scleral reinforcement for the treatment of myopic foveoschisis.Methods: This was a prospective study of 32 eyes from 20 patients with myopic foveoschisis treated with posterior scleral reinforcement using genipin-cross-linked donor sclerae . The length of the scleral strip used for the surgery was designed to be 1.5-times the axial length of the eye, whereas its width was 0.4-times the axial length of the eye. The optical coherence tomography images, spherical equivalent of refractive error, axial length, best corrected visual acuity, electroretinogram findings, and intraocular pressure of the patients were assessed postoperatively. Results: The mean duration of follow-up was 17.80 ± 8.74 months. The differences between the spherical equivalent of refractive error, best corrected visual acuity, axial length, and electroretinogram findings recorded preoperatively and those measured postoperatively were statistically significant (p＜0.05). The final reduction in axial length was 1.64 ± 0.85 mm. At the end of the follow-up, optical coherence tomography showed essential foveal reattachment in 30 eyes (93.75%), partial reattachment in two eyes (6.25%), and closure of macular holes in seven eyes (77.78%). No retinal detachment, vitreous haemorrhage, or other serious complications occurred following the surgery. Conclusions: Posterior scleral reinforcement with genipin-cross-linked sclera showed safe and effective outcomes for the treatment of myopic foveoschisis during a follow-up period of at least one yearTrial registration:ChiCTR1800020012

scholarly journals Evaluation of retinal vascular density and related factors in youth myopia without maculopathy using OCTA

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiantian Wang ◽  
Hui Li ◽  
Rongrong Zhang ◽  
Yan Yu ◽  
Xin Xiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optical Coherence Tomography ◽  
Refractive Error ◽  
Axial Length ◽  
High Myopia ◽  
Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography ◽  
Flow Density ◽  
Vascular Density ◽  
Multivariate Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Optical Coherence ◽  
Spherical Equivalent

AbstractTo evaluate the retinal vascular flow density changes of myopic eyes of young adults using optical coherence tomography angiography and the factors affecting these changes. In this cross-sectional study, 90 eyes of 45 participants were analyzed and divided into three groups: mild, moderate, and high myopia (without pathological changes). Macular and radial peripapillary capillary flow densities were measured using optical coherence tomography angiography. Their relationships with the axial length, the spherical equivalent of the refractive error, and age were analyzed using analysis of variance, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and multivariate linear regression analysis. Superficial and deep macular vascular densities were significantly decreased in the high myopia group compared to the other groups. In the high myopia group, the nasal peripapillary flow density decreased, whereas the flow density inside the disc increased. The axial length negatively correlated with the superficial and deep macular vascular density, but positively correlated with the vascular density inside the disc. The spherical equivalent of the refractive error negatively correlated with the macular vascular density. The retinal vascular density decreased in the high myopia group. Hence, the microvascular network inside the disc may have a compensatory action in the hypoxic setting of high myopia.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document