Measuring the unmeasurable, affect life, and the self-medication hypothesis-the case of nicotine dependence in schizophrenia

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 257-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. J. Khantzian
Keyword(s):  
Nicotine Dependence ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Medication

Tobacco smoking and schizophrenia: re-examining the evidence

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 363-372
Author(s):  
Amila Isuru ◽  
Mahesh Rajasuriya
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Nicotine Dependence ◽  
Tobacco Smoking ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
The Self ◽  
List Type ◽  
Self Medication ◽  
Genetic Vulnerability ◽  
Shared Genetic

SUMMARYTobacco smoking among people with mental illnesses can be explained by biological, psychological and social factors. The prevalence of smoking in people diagnosed with schizophrenia is higher than in people with other mental disorders and in the general population. This article explores three current hypotheses that explain this higher prevalence of smoking in schizophrenia. The first, the self-medication hypothesis, is increasingly countered by a growing body of evidence indicating that smokers experience more severe symptoms of schizophrenia. Numerous researchers have already identified smoking as a possible risk factor for the development of schizophrenia, which is the second hypothesis. The third hypothesis (shared genetic vulnerability) identifies certain genes that confer vulnerability for both schizophrenia and nicotine dependence. Understanding the reasons behind the higher prevalence of smoking among people with schizophrenia is vital in planning effective primary, secondary and tertiary smoking prevention for these individuals.LEARNING OBJECTIVESAt the end of this article, readers will be able to: •understand the self-medication hypothesis in relation to tobacco smoking by people with schizophrenia•understand the role of tobacco smoking as a possible risk factor for causation of schizophrenia•understand the role of shared genetic vulnerability in the causation of both schizophrenia and nicotine dependence.

scholarly journals Nicotine dependence and symptoms in schizophrenia

2005 ◽  
Vol 186 (3) ◽  
pp. 215-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Carmen Aguilar ◽  
Manuel Gurpegui ◽  
Francisco J. Diaz ◽  
Jose De Leon
Keyword(s):  
Nicotine Dependence ◽  
The Self ◽  
Positive Symptoms ◽  
Self Medication ◽  
Syndrome Scale ◽  
Lack Of Control ◽  
Dsm Iv ◽  
Log Linear ◽  
Negative Syndrome ◽  
Antipsychotic Side Effects

BackgroundSmoking may have a beneficial effect on either schizophrenic symptoms or antipsychotic side-effects, but studies are hampered by the lack of control of confounding factors.AimsTo explore the self-medication hypothesis in a large sample of stable out-patients with schizophrenia.MethodSymptoms, assessed with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), and number of hospitalisations were compared in 250 out-patients with DSM–IV schizophrenia classified into three categories: highly dependent smokers, mildly dependent smokers and non-smokers. Log-linear analysis was used to control for potential confounding and interacting variables.ResultsHigh PANSS total scores and positive symptoms were less frequent in mildly dependent smokers than in non-smokers or highly dependent smokers. The highly dependent smokers had the worst outcome.ConclusionsThe data do not generally support the self-medication hypothesis but rather suggest a complex interaction between nicotine dependence and schizophrenic symptoms.

scholarly journals The self-medication practice in primary dysmenorrhea among pharmacy students-a cross-sectional questionnaire study

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 97-100
Author(s):  
Sunitha Sunitha ◽  
Dhanya Dharman ◽  
Deepa Manohar ◽  
Shaiju S Daran ◽  
Vismaya Annie Vinod ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
The Self ◽  
Pharmacy Students ◽  
Questionnaire Study ◽  
Primary Dysmenorrhea ◽  
Self Medication ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Medical Practitioners ◽  
Medication Practice ◽  
Validated Questionnaire

Primary dysmenorrhea is one of the most common gynecological problems among adolescent females which interferes with daily activities, affecting their physical and emotional aspects and has a negative impact on the quality of life. The pain is usually in the pelvis or lower abdomen. Self-medication for primary dysmenorrhea is a very common practice. The aim of this study was to observe and evaluate self-medication practice in primary dysmenorrhea among pharmacy students. This is a cross-sectional questionnaire study to be conducted among 50 females of age group between 18-25 of pharmacy college. The self-medication practice and features of dysmenorrhea were to be assessed with a 15 pre-validated questionnaire and the data is analyzed using descriptive statistics. A total of 50 students participated in this study in which 81.8% had regular periods. Dysmenorrhea was experienced in 79.6% with mild (30.4%),moderate(23.9%) and with severe(28.3%) dysmennohea. In this study 64.3% preferred self-medication pattern. The majority were Pharm.D students. The most commonly used drug was Meftal spas (mephenamic acid+dicyclomine) and for 96.8% the treatment was found to be effective. Among the 50 students, 57.6% have experienced ADR , majority with decreased blood flow. The Self-medication practice in dysmenorrhea was more among pharmacy students probably due to the knowledge of drugs, better awareness and greater access to drug information during their curriculum. This highlights the importance of creating awareness among students to consume drugs only in severe discomfort after prescription by the registered medical practitioners.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Factors Related to Self-Medication for COVID-19 Prevention in the Elderly

Salmand ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-127
Author(s):  
Narjes Heshmatifar ◽  
◽  
Arezoo Davarinia Motlagh Quchan ◽  
Zohreh Mohammadzadeh Tabrizi ◽  
Leila Moayed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Insurance Coverage ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Emotional Reactions ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Medication ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Major Factors

Objectives: The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) crisis and health outcomes are among the major human social events of the 21st century. The unknown nature of the disease and the fear of contagion have caused emotional reactions, including the self-consumption of drugs in the elderly. Therefore, this study investigated factors affecting the self-consumption of drugs for COVID-19 prevention in the elderly. Methods & Materials: This descriptive and cross-sectional study was performed on 342 elderly in Sabzevar City, Iran, in 2020. The research units were selected as clusters from 16 health centers. The necessary data were collected by an online self-medication questionnaire. Data analysis was performed in SPSS. Results: The Mean±SD age of the study participants was 66.2±5.67 years. The frequency of self-medication to prevent COVID-19 was 190(55.5%); analgesics, vitamins, anti-cold, and antibiotics were the most common drugs used. The major factors associated with self-medication in the COVID-19 pandemic were disease prevention, home quarantine, financial problems, experiencing previous self-medication, and others’ advice. There was a significant relationship between self-medication and education and insurance coverage. No significant relationship was observed between gender, occupation, and marital status, and self-medication. Conclusion: Self-Medication in the COVID-19 epidemic is notable as a crisis threatening the elderly’s health. Controlling and monitoring how the drug is used is among the requirements for protection and health promotion in the elderly.

scholarly journals An Overview of the Psychodynamics of Addiction

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 363-369
Author(s):  
César A. Alfonso
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Adverse Childhood Experiences ◽  
The Self ◽  
Epigenetic Changes ◽  
Novelty Seeking ◽  
Self Medication ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
Psychotherapeutic Interventions ◽  
Adverse Childhood ◽  
Abuse And Neglect

The author provides an overview of the psychodynamics of addiction, diverging from outdated conceptualizations such as orality and regression, and emphasizing the clinical relevance of the self-medication hypothesis. Rado and Bion paved the way for Khantzian's self-medication hypothesis by describing the drug user's need to escape unpleasure and seek self- containment. The author reviews research corroborating the relevance of the self-medication hypothesis and other relevant constructs such as self-deceptive attempts at adaptation, inability to prioritize self-care or delay gratification, excessive hedonism and novelty seeking, and impulsivity. Adverse childhood experiences, abuse and neglect are known to cause epigenetic changes altering gene expression, which may endure throughout life and be transmitted intergenerationally. Effective psychotherapeutic interventions have the potential to reverse DNA methylation and other epigenetic changes triggered by trauma and co-morbid psychopathology. Lastly, this editorial also introduces the psychodynamically informed clinical recommendations of Baurer and Gottdiener, further described in separate articles in this issue of Psychodynamic Psychiatry.

scholarly journals The Effect of Theory-Based Education on the Promotion of Preventive Behavior Among Mothers, Concerning the Self-Medication for Children

2019 ◽  
Vol In Press (In Press) ◽  
Author(s):  
Samaneh Mozafari ◽  
Mohsen Shamsi ◽  
Nasrin Roozbahani ◽  
Mehdi Ranjbaran
Keyword(s):  
The Self ◽  
Preventive Behavior ◽  
Self Medication

Exploring the Link Between Substance Use and Mental Health Status: What Can We Learn from the Self-medication Theory?

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (2S) ◽  
pp. 113-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Lerissa Smith ◽  
Fengxia Yan ◽  
Mikayla Charles ◽  
Kamal Mohiuddin ◽  
Dawn Tyus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Health Status ◽  
Mental Health Status ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Medication
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