Prenatal alcohol and cannabis exposure can have opposing and region‐specific effects on parvalbumin interneuron numbers in the hippocampus

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah M. O. Reid ◽  
Taylor M. Snowden ◽  
Irene Shkolnikov ◽  
Kristen R. Breit ◽  
Cristina Rodriguez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Specific Effects ◽  
Parvalbumin Interneuron ◽  
Prenatal Alcohol

scholarly journals Understanding specific effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on brain structure in young adults

2011 ◽  
Vol 33 (7) ◽  
pp. 1663-1676 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiangchuan Chen ◽  
Claire D. Coles ◽  
Mary E. Lynch ◽  
Xiaoping Hu
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Brain Structure ◽  
Prenatal Alcohol Exposure ◽  
Alcohol Exposure ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Prenatal Alcohol

Sex- and tissue-specific effects of binge levels of prenatal alcohol consumption on DNA methylation at birth

Epigenomics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuk Jing Loke ◽  
Evelyne Muggli ◽  
Richard Saffery ◽  
Joanne Ryan ◽  
Sharon Lewis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Prenatal Alcohol Exposure ◽  
Alcohol Exposure ◽  
Female Offspring ◽  
Fetal Alcohol ◽  
Developmental Abnormalities ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Prenatal Alcohol ◽  
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum

Background: Binge level prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) causes developmental abnormalities, which may be mediated in part by epigenetic mechanisms. Despite this, few studies have characterised the association of binge PAE with DNA methylation in offspring. Methods: We investigated the association between binge PAE and genome-wide DNA methylation profiles in a sex-specific manner in neonatal buccal and placental samples. Results: We identified no differentially methylated CpGs or differentially methylated regions (DMRs) at false discovery rate <0.05. However, using a sum-of-ranks approach, we identified a DMR in each tissue of female offspring. The DMR identified in buccal samples is located near regions with previously-reported associations to fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) and binge PAE. Conclusion: Our findings warrant further replication and highlight a potential epigenetic link between binge PAE and FASD.

scholarly journals Prenatal Adversity Alters the Epigenetic Profile of the Prefrontal Cortex: Sexually Dimorphic Effects of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Food-Related Stress

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1773
Author(s):  
Alexandre A. Lussier ◽  
Tamara S. Bodnar ◽  
Michelle Moksa ◽  
Martin Hirst ◽  
Michael S. Kobor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Prenatal Alcohol Exposure ◽  
Alcohol Exposure ◽  
Epigenetic Changes ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Prenatal Alcohol ◽  
Related Stress ◽  
Physiological Systems

Prenatal adversity or stress can have long-term consequences on developmental trajectories and health outcomes. Although the biological mechanisms underlying these effects are poorly understood, epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation, have the potential to link early-life environments to alterations in physiological systems, with long-term functional implications. We investigated the consequences of two prenatal insults, prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) and food-related stress, on DNA methylation profiles of the rat brain during early development. As these insults can have sex-specific effects on biological outcomes, we analyzed epigenome-wide DNA methylation patterns in prefrontal cortex, a key brain region involved in cognition, executive function, and behavior, of both males and females. We found sex-dependent and sex-concordant influences of these insults on epigenetic patterns. These alterations occurred in genes and pathways related to brain development and immune function, suggesting that PAE and food-related stress may reprogram neurobiological/physiological systems partly through central epigenetic changes, and may do so in a sex-dependent manner. Such epigenetic changes may reflect the sex-specific effects of prenatal insults on long-term functional and health outcomes and have important implications for understanding possible mechanisms underlying fetal alcohol spectrum disorder and other neurodevelopmental disorders.

Complex Trauma and Prenatal Alcohol Exposure: Clinical Implications

2012 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 32-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yvette D. Hyter
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Child Development ◽  
Academic Outcomes ◽  
Complex Trauma ◽  
Prenatal Alcohol Exposure ◽  
Alcohol Exposure ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Prenatal Alcohol ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Complex trauma resulting from chronic maltreatment and prenatal alcohol exposure can significantly affect child development and academic outcomes. Children with histories of maltreatment and those with prenatal alcohol exposure exhibit remarkably similar central nervous system impairments. In this article, I will review the effects of each on the brain and discuss clinical implications for these populations of children.

Prenatal alcohol exposure and signs of minor neurological dysfunction at preschool age

2000 ◽  
Vol 42 (8) ◽  
pp. 508-514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Béatrice Larroque ◽  
Monique Kaminski ◽  
Phillipe Dehaene ◽  
Damien Subtil ◽  
Denis Querleu
Keyword(s):  
Prenatal Alcohol Exposure ◽  
Alcohol Exposure ◽  
Preschool Age ◽  
Neurological Dysfunction ◽  
Minor Neurological Dysfunction ◽  
Prenatal Alcohol

The Impact of Visual Stereotypes on Judgments about Rape

2016 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 133-140
Author(s):  
Robert Busching ◽  
Johannes Lutz
Keyword(s):  
Mental Representations ◽  
Irrelevant Information ◽  
Clear Distinction ◽  
Rape Myth ◽  
Facial Features ◽  
Reverse Correlation ◽  
Correlation Technique ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Legal Judgments ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Legally irrelevant information like facial features is used to form judgments about rape cases. Using a reverse-correlation technique, it is possible to visualize criminal stereotypes and test whether these representations influence judgments. In the first step, images of the stereotypical faces of a rapist, a thief, and a lifesaver were generated. These images showed a clear distinction between the lifesaver and the two criminal representations, but the criminal representations were rather similar. In the next step, the images were presented together with rape scenarios, and participants (N = 153) indicated the defendant’s level of liability. Participants with high rape myth acceptance scores attributed a lower level of liability to a defendant who resembled a stereotypical lifesaver. However, no specific effects of the image of the stereotypical rapist compared to the stereotypical thief were found. We discuss the findings with respect to the influence of visual stereotypes on legal judgments and the nature of these mental representations.

Impact of Moderate Prenatal Alcohol Exposure on Problem Behaviors in Preschool and School Children

2014 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuela Pfinder ◽  
Stefan Liebig ◽  
Reinhold Feldmann
Keyword(s):  
Problem Behaviors ◽  
Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Prenatal Alcohol Exposure ◽  
Alcohol Exposure ◽  
Smoke Exposure ◽  
Low Ses ◽  
German Health ◽  
Kiggs Study ◽  
Strengths And Difficulties ◽  
Prenatal Alcohol

Data on the relation between moderate prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) and behavioral disorders are inconsistent, and this raises new questions. We examined (1) the association between moderate PAE and problem behaviors and (2) whether these associations differed by levels of socioeconomic status (SES), fetal smoke exposure, or exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). Data were taken from the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS) study. Parents evaluated children’s behaviors using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Results showed a slight, but insignificant, increase of problem behaviors in children with moderate PAE. In 3- to 6-year-olds, PAE had a stronger effect on hyperactivity/inattention in combination with fetal smoke exposure (odds ratio = 2.82), than did PAE alone. Effects were not stronger in low-SES children, but they were stronger in children with ETS. We conclude that moderate PAE might have adverse effects on neurodevelopment, with stronger effects in disadvantaged populations. To confirm our preliminary findings, further research should be conducted.

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