Impact of inhalation vs. intravenous anaesthesia on autonomic nerves and internal anal sphincter tone

2015 ◽  
Vol 59 (9) ◽  
pp. 1119-1125 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Heid ◽  
D. W. Kauff ◽  
H. Lang ◽  
W. Kneist
Keyword(s):  
Anal Sphincter ◽  
Internal Anal Sphincter ◽  
Autonomic Nerves ◽  
Intravenous Anaesthesia ◽  
Sphincter Tone

scholarly journals The Physiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutic Manipulation of the Internal Anal Sphincter

2002 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 249-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver M Jones ◽  
Alison F Brading ◽  
Neil J McC Mortensen
Keyword(s):  
Anal Sphincter ◽  
Internal Anal Sphincter ◽  
Internal Sphincter ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Pharmacological Manipulation ◽  
Routes Of Administration ◽  
Sphincter Tone ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Medical Approach

Recent research into the physiology and pharmacology of the internal anal sphincter has elucidated the importance of this structure in health and disease. Its pharmacological manipulation for therapeutic gain has focused mainly on agents to reduce internal anal sphincter tone, a ‘chemical sphincterotomy’ that might heal chronic anal fissure. However, drugs to increase sphincter tone, and augment intermittent and appropriate relaxation are also being evaluated. The initial results with this medical approach to anorectal disease have often been disappointing, failing to match the results achievable with surgery, and many of these drugs have a high rate of side effects in the short term. However, clinical trials have yet to establish the optimum doses, dose intervals and routes of administration for many of these therapies. Furthermore, it is uncertain whether this medical approach should be applied to all patients or just to an as yet undefined subgroup. Certainly, even in the current environment of uncertainty, there is little reason not to try medical manipulation of the internal sphincter as first-line treatment. Surgery remains an option for treatment failures; patients responding to pharmacological manipulation of the internal anal sphincter are spared the long term risks of continence that are inherent in many surgical procedures on the anorectum.

Evidence for the role of angiotensin II biosynthesis in the rat internal anal sphincter tone

2004 ◽  
Vol 127 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Márcio A.F. De Godoy ◽  
Stephen Dunn ◽  
Satish Rattan
Keyword(s):  
Angiotensin Ii ◽  
Anal Sphincter ◽  
Internal Anal Sphincter ◽  
Sphincter Tone

scholarly journals Rhythmic calcium transients in smooth muscle cells of the mouse internal anal sphincter

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline A. Cobine ◽  
Karen I. Hannigan ◽  
Megan McMahon ◽  
Emer P. Ni Bhraonain ◽  
Salah A. Baker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Smooth Muscle Cells ◽  
Anal Sphincter ◽  
Internal Anal Sphincter ◽  
Muscle Cells ◽  
Calcium Transients

scholarly journals Topohistology of the Paravaginal Nerves and Fasciae with Special Reference to Nerves to the Internal Anal Sphincter

2014 ◽  
Vol 67 (8) ◽  
pp. 495-503
Author(s):  
Fumitake Hata ◽  
Takashi Arakawa ◽  
Kuniaki Okada ◽  
Hidefumi Nishimori ◽  
Shinichiro Ikeda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Special Reference ◽  
Anal Sphincter ◽  
Internal Anal Sphincter

scholarly journals RhoA/ROCK pathway is the major molecular determinant of basal tone in intact human internal anal sphincter

2012 ◽  
Vol 302 (7) ◽  
pp. G664-G675 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satish Rattan ◽  
Jagmohan Singh
Keyword(s):  
Anal Sphincter ◽  
Internal Anal Sphincter ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Rock Inhibitor ◽  
Critical Determinant ◽  
Molecular Control ◽  
Motility Disorders ◽  
Basal Tone ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Rational Therapy

The knowledge of molecular control mechanisms underlying the basal tone in the intact human internal anal sphincter (IAS) is critical for the pathophysiology and rational therapy for a number of debilitating rectoanal motility disorders. We determined the role of RhoA/ROCK and PKC pathways by comparing the effects of ROCK- and PKC-selective inhibitors Y 27632 and Gö 6850 (10−8to 10−4M), respectively, on the basal tone in the IAS vs. the rectal smooth muscle (RSM). Western blot studies were performed to determine the levels of RhoA/ROCK II, PKC-α, MYPT1, CPI-17, and MLC20in the unphosphorylated and phosphorylated forms, in the IAS vs. RSM. Confocal microscopic studies validated the membrane distribution of ROCK II. Finally, to confirm a direct relationship, we examined the enzymatic activities and changes in the basal IAS tone and p-MYPT1, p-CPI-17, and p-MLC20, before and after Y 27632 and Gö 6850. Data show higher levels of RhoA/ROCK II and related downstream signal transduction proteins in the IAS vs. RSM. In addition, data show a significant correlation between the active RhoA/ROCK levels, ROCK enzymatic activity, downstream proteins, and basal IAS tone, before and after ROCK inhibitor. From these data we conclude 1) RhoA/ROCK and downstream signaling are constitutively active in the IAS, and this pathway (in contrast with PKC) is the critical determinant of the basal tone in intact human IAS; and 2) RhoA and ROCK are potential therapeutic targets for a number of rectoanal motility disorders for which currently there is no satisfactory treatment.

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