Host influence on germination and reproduction of the facultative hemi-parasitic weedRhamphicarpa fistulosa

2016 ◽  
Vol 169 (1) ◽  
pp. 144-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Kabiri ◽  
A. van Ast ◽  
J. Rodenburg ◽  
L. Bastiaans
Keyword(s):  
Host Influence

scholarly journals Variability of the Sheep Lung Microbiota

2016 ◽  
Vol 82 (11) ◽  
pp. 3225-3238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Glendinning ◽  
Steven Wright ◽  
Jolinda Pollock ◽  
Peter Tennant ◽  
David Collie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Variability ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
16S Rrna Genes ◽  
Rrna Genes ◽  
Large Animal ◽  
Local Factors ◽  
Adult Sheep ◽  
Sequencing Technologies ◽  
Host Influence

ABSTRACTSequencing technologies have recently facilitated the characterization of bacterial communities present in lungs during health and disease. However, there is currently a dearth of information concerning the variability of such data in health both between and within subjects. This study seeks to examine such variability using healthy adult sheep as our model system. Protected specimen brush samples were collected from three spatially disparate segmental bronchi of six adult sheep (age, 20 months) on three occasions (day 0, 1 month, and 3 months). To further explore the spatial variability of the microbiotas, more-extensive brushing samples (n= 16) and a throat swab were taken from a separate sheep. The V2 and V3 hypervariable regions of the bacterial 16S rRNA genes were amplified and sequenced via Illumina MiSeq. DNA sequences were analyzed using the mothur software package. Quantitative PCR was performed to quantify total bacterial DNA. Some sheep lungs contained dramatically different bacterial communities at different sampling sites, whereas in others, airway microbiotas appeared similar across the lung. In our spatial variability study, we observed clustering related to the depth within the lung from which samples were taken. Lung depth refers to increasing distance from the glottis, progressing in a caudal direction. We conclude that both host influence and local factors have impacts on the composition of the sheep lung microbiota.IMPORTANCEUntil recently, it was assumed that the lungs were a sterile environment which was colonized by microbes only during disease. However, recent studies using sequencing technologies have found that there is a small population of bacteria which exists in the lung during health, referred to as the “lung microbiota.” In this study, we characterize the variability of the lung microbiotas of healthy sheep. Sheep not only are economically important animals but also are often used as large animal models of human respiratory disease. We conclude that, while host influence does play a role in dictating the types of microbes which colonize the airways, it is clear that local factors also play an important role in this regard. Understanding the nature and influence of these factors will be key to understanding the variability in, and functional relevance of, the lung microbiota.

scholarly journals Host personality predicts cuckoo egg rejection in Daurian redstarts Phoenicurus auroreus

2021 ◽  
Vol 288 (1953) ◽  
pp. 20210228
Author(s):  
Jinggang Zhang ◽  
Peter Santema ◽  
Jianqiang Li ◽  
Lixing Yang ◽  
Wenhong Deng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Brood Parasitism ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Personality Types ◽  
Breathing Rate ◽  
Egg Rejection ◽  
Physiological Trait ◽  
Host Personality ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Host Influence

In species that are subject to brood parasitism, individuals often vary in their responses to parasitic eggs, with some rejecting the eggs while others do not. While some factors, such as host age (breeding experience), the degree of egg matching and the level of perceived risk of brood parasitism have been shown to influence host decisions, much of the variation remains unexplained. The host personality hypothesis suggests that personality traits of the host influence its response to parasitic eggs, but few studies have tested this. We investigated the relationship between two personality traits (exploration and neophobia) and a physiological trait (breathing rate) of the host, and egg-rejection behaviour in a population of Daurian redstarts Phoenicurus auroreus in northeast China. We first show that exploratory behaviour and the response to a novel object are repeatable for individual females and strongly covary, indicating distinct personality types. We then show that fast-exploring and less neophobic hosts were more likely to reject parasitic eggs than slow-exploring and more neophobic hosts. Variation in breathing rate—a measure of the stress-response—did not affect rejection behaviour. Our results demonstrate that host personality, along the bold-shy continuum, predicts the responses to parasitic eggs in Daurian redstarts, with bold hosts being more likely to reject parasitic eggs.

scholarly journals A Review of the Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematode Infections in Sheep and Goats in Ghana

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seth Blackie
Keyword(s):  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Ecological Zones ◽  
Nematode Parasites ◽  
Nematode Larvae ◽  
Parasitic Gastroenteritis ◽  
Host Influence ◽  
Agro Ecological Zones

In this paper, the gastrointestinal nematode parasites infecting small ruminants (sheep and goats) in Ghana and the epidemiological factors influencing their prevalence are reviewed and discussed. Twelve nematode species belonging to six families have been reported to infect these livestock in the country with Haemonchus contortus being the most prevalent helminth parasite in both animals. Parasitic gastroenteritis is caused by mixed infection of several nematode species. Management /husbandry practices, climate and host influence are found to be the main factors that affect gastrointestinal nematode infections in sheep and goats. Seasonal changes in the level of infective strongylate nematode larvae on pasture in the different agro-ecological zones of Ghana are reviewed. The number of infective larvae on pasture is reported to be directly related to the pattern of rainfall. Consequently, rainfall could be relied on to predict the rate of transmission of infection in grazing animals. Finally, the relevance of epidemiological knowledge in the development of efficient measures for controlling gastrointestinal nematode infections in sheep and goats in Ghana is discussed.

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DITYLENCHUS DESTRUCTOR THORNE, 1945 (NEMATODA:TYLENCHIDAE), FROM POTATO, BULBOUS IRIS, AND DAHLIA, WITH A DISCUSSION OF DE MAN'S RATIOS

1960 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 1175-1187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liang-Yu Wu
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Total Length ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Tail Shape ◽  
Length Width ◽  
Ditylenchus Destructor ◽  
Sex Cells ◽  
Host Influence

Nematodes having the general characters of Ditylenchus destructor Thorne, 1945, from the potato, bulbous iris, and dahlia, did not reveal any significant difference in the basic structures to suggest the presence of more than one species. However, due to host influence, there may be some variation in total length, width, number and arrangement of sex cells, length of oesophagus, length of spear, and tail shape. Nematodes from potato were successfully transferred to dahlia and carrot, and from iris and dahlia to potato.Specimens of D. destructor from potato interbreed freely with specimens from bulbous iris and from dahlia. Evidently these nematodes from the three hosts are the same species, i.e., D. destructor.Among the ratios used, the values of c in the case of males and that of "V%" have some support from the data.

Host Influence on Parasite Physiology

1962 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 423-424
Author(s):  
William B. DeWitt
Keyword(s):  
Host Influence

scholarly journals Variation of Insect Attracting Odor in Endophytic Epichloë Fungi: Phylogenetic Constrains Versus Host Influence

2008 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 772-782 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabrizio Steinebrunner ◽  
Florian P. Schiestl ◽  
Adrian Leuchtmann
Keyword(s):  
Host Influence

Host influence on floral variability inOrthocarpus densiflorus (Scrophulariaceae)

1978 ◽  
Vol 129 (3) ◽  
pp. 167-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter R. Atsatt ◽  
Larry D. Guldberg
Keyword(s):  
Host Influence
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