Scale Expansion and Operations Inefficiency in Pure E-commerce Firms

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhuofan Yang ◽  
Yong Shi
Keyword(s):  
Scale Expansion

scholarly journals Cytokine-Based Log-Scale Expansion of Functional Murine Dendritic Cells

PLoS ONE ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (8) ◽  
pp. e6674 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yui Harada ◽  
Yasuji Ueda ◽  
Hiroaki Kinoh ◽  
Atsushi Komaru ◽  
Terumi Fuji-Ogawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Scale Expansion

Scale Expansion Pyramid Network for Cross-Scale Object Detection in Sar Images

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zheng Zhou ◽  
Rui Guan ◽  
Zongyong Cui ◽  
Zongjie Cao ◽  
Yiming Pi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Object Detection ◽  
Sar Images ◽  
Scale Expansion

Homogenisation

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. F. Roach ◽  
I. G. Stratis ◽  
A. N. Yannacopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Evolution Equations ◽  
Elliptic Problems ◽  
Optical Response ◽  
Dispersive Media ◽  
Periodic Media ◽  
Rigorous Approach ◽  
Electromagnetic Medium ◽  
Alternative Approaches ◽  
Scale Expansion ◽  
Response Region

This chapter formulates the homogenisation problem for a complex electromagnetic medium. It presents a formal two-scale expansion that motivates this chapter's approach, enabling a prediction of the form of the homogenised system. Next, this chapter provides a rigorous approach to the homogenisation problem for media in the optical response region, which is then generalised for dispersive media. The convergence of the evolution equations for the fields in periodic media to those for a homogenised medium is proved and the coefficients of the homogenised medium are identified in terms of auxiliary elliptic problems. Lastly, this chapter collects some general comments and alternative approaches to the homogenisation problem.

scholarly journals The effect of culture media on large-scale expansion and characteristic of adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stromal cells

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Justyna Czapla ◽  
Sybilla Matuszczak ◽  
Klaudia Kulik ◽  
Ewa Wiśniewska ◽  
Ewelina Pilny ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Mesenchymal Stromal Cells ◽  
Stromal Cells ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Scale Expansion

scholarly journals P09.13 Optimization of a GMP-grade large-scale expansion protocol for cytokine-induced killer cells using gas-permeable static culture flasks

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (Suppl 2) ◽  
pp. A58.2-A59
Author(s):  
A Ventura ◽  
P Palmerini ◽  
A Dalla Pietà ◽  
R Sommaggio ◽  
G Astori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Cell ◽  
Cell Density ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Static Culture ◽  
Cik Cells ◽  
Standard Culture ◽  
Cik Cell ◽  
Scale Expansion ◽  
Cells Cultured

BackgroundCytokine-Induced Killer (CIK) cells are ex vivo expanded T cells with NK cell phenotype. They express both CD3 and CD56 antigens, and exert a potent antitumor activity against a variety of tumors. Several clinical trials demonstrated the safety and the feasibility of CIK cell therapy, with very low side effects and minimal graft-versus-host toxicity. In this study, we developed a GMP-compliant protocol for robust large-scale expansion of CIK cells using G-Rex® gas-permeable static culture flasks.Materials and MethodsCIK cells were obtained by stimulating healthy donor PBMCs with GMP-grade IFN-γ, IL-2 and CD3 mAbs, and were cultured in G-Rex6® or G-Rex®6M well plates. CIK cells in G-Rex6® were split only once at day 7 to reduce cell density, whereas the number of CIK cells culterd in G-Rex®6M was not adjusted. In both culture conditions, fresh IL-2 was provided every 3–4 days. We compared these two culture protocols with the culture in standard flasks. Phenotype was analyzed by flow cytometry and cytotoxicity was assessed against several tumor cell lines by calcein-release assay.ResultsCIK cells cultured in G-Rex6® well plates showed an outstanding cell expansion compared to G-Rex®6M well plates or standard culture flasks, with a 400-fold expansion and a mean of 109 total cells obtained per single well in 14 days, starting from just 2.5 × 106 cells per well. Moreover, the cultures in G-Rex6® were characterized by an higher percentage of CD3+CD56+ cells, as compared to G-Rex®6M or standard culture flasks. Cells cultured in all devices had a comparable expression of NKG2D, NKp30, NKp44, 2B4 receptors. Importantly, CIK cells expanded in G-Rex®6 were as cytotoxic as cells expanded in standard culture flasks. Conversely, CIK cells cultured in G-Rex®6M showed a remarkable reduction of cytotoxicity against tumor cell targets, thus suggesting that cell density during expansion could affect CIK cell activity.ConclusionsWe propose a GMP-compliant protocol for robust large-scale production of CIK cells. G-Rex® system allows to obtain large amounts of CIK cells highly enriched in the CD3+CD56+ subset and endowed with high cytotoxic activity; this can be accomplished with just a single cell culture split at day 7, which dramatically reduces the culture manipulation as compared to the standard culture flasks. Notably, this strategy can be further and easily scalable to produce CIK cells for clinical immunotherapy applications.Disclosure InformationA. Ventura: None. P. Palmerini: None. A. Dalla Pietà: None. R. Sommaggio: None. G. Astori: None. K. Chieregato: None. M. Tisi: None. C. Visco: None. O. Perbellini: None. M. Ruggeri: None. E. Cappuzzello: None. A. Rosato: None.

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