scholarly journals An evaluation of navigational ability comparing Redirected Free Exploration with Distractors to Walking-in-Place and joystick locomotio interfaces

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tabitha C. Peck ◽  
Henry Fuchs ◽  
Mary C. Whitton
Keyword(s):  
Free Exploration

scholarly journals Can the Hole–Board Test Predict a Rat’s Exploratory Behavior in a Free-Exploration Test?

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1068
Author(s):  
Wojciech Pisula ◽  
Klaudia Modlinska ◽  
Katarzyna Goncikowska ◽  
Anna Chrzanowska
Keyword(s):  
Exploratory Behavior ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Previous Experience ◽  
General Hypothesis ◽  
Free Exploration ◽  
Laboratory Rodents ◽  
Board Test ◽  
Motivational Mechanism ◽  
Hole Board ◽  
Hole Board Test

This study focuses on the rat activity in a hole–board setting that we considered a type of exploratory behavior. The general hypothesis is based on the claim that a motivational mechanism is central to both the response to novelty in a highly familiarized environment and the activity in the hole–board apparatus. Our sample consisted of 80 experimentally naive Lister Hooded rats. All rats were tested in the hole–board apparatus. Twenty individuals with the highest hole-board scores and twenty subjects with the lowest hole–board scores subsequently underwent an established free-exploration test. In our study, the scores obtained in the hole–board test had little predictive value for the rats’ activity in the free-exploration test. Based on our previous experience in studying exploratory behavior in the free-exploration test and the data presented in this paper, we suggest that the hole–board test is not an appropriate tool for measuring exploratory behavior in laboratory rodents.

scholarly journals Scale free is not rare in international trade networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Linqing Liu ◽  
Mengyun Shen ◽  
Chang Tan
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Preferential Attachment ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Total Trade ◽  
Trade Networks ◽  
Scale Free ◽  
Weighted Networks ◽  
Free Exploration ◽  
Technology Products ◽  
Attachment Mechanism

AbstractFailing to consider the strong correlations between weights and topological properties in capacity-weighted networks renders test results on the scale-free property unreliable. According to the preferential attachment mechanism, existing high-degree nodes normally attract new nodes. However, in capacity-weighted networks, the weights of existing edges increase as the network grows. We propose an optimized simplification method and apply it to international trade networks. Our study covers more than 1200 product categories annually from 1995 to 2018. We find that, on average, 38%, 38% and 69% of product networks in export, import and total trade are scale-free. Furthermore, the scale-free characteristics differ depending on the technology. Counter to expectations, the exports of high-technology products are distributed worldwide rather than concentrated in a few developed countries. Our research extends the scale-free exploration of capacity-weighted networks and demonstrates that choosing appropriate filtering methods can clarify the properties of complex networks.

scholarly journals The Influence of Exploration Mode, Orientation, and Configuration on the Haptic Müller-Lyer Illusion

Perception ◽  
10.1068/p5269 ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 34 (12) ◽  
pp. 1475-1500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morton A Heller ◽  
Melissa McCarthy ◽  
Jennifer Schultz ◽  
Jayme Greene ◽  
Melissa Shanley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Index Finger ◽  
Spatial Position ◽  
Lyer Illusion ◽  
Free Exploration ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Practical Implications

We studied the impact of manner of exploration, orientation, spatial position, and configuration on the haptic Müller-Lyer illusion. Blindfolded sighted subjects felt raised-line Müller-Lyer and control stimuli. The stimuli were felt by tracing with the index finger, free exploration, grasping with the index finger and thumb, or by measuring with the use of any two or more fingers. For haptic judgments of extent a sliding tangible ruler was used. The illusion was present in all exploration conditions, with overestimation of the wings-out compared to wings-in stimuli. Tracing with the index finger reduced the magnitude of the illusion. However, tracing and grasping induced an overall underestimation of size. The illusion was greatly attenuated when stimuli were felt with the index fingers of both hands. Illusory misperception was not altered by the position in space of the Müller-Lyer stimuli. No effects of changes in the thickness of the line shaft were found, but there were effects of the length of the wing endings for the smaller, 5.1 cm stimuli. The theoretical and practical implications of the results are discussed.

Habituation Rate and Free Exploration Tempo in 4-Month-Old Infants

1983 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Germaine Pecheux ◽  
Roger Lécuyer
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Cognitive Style ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Individual Characteristic ◽  
Information Processing Speed ◽  
Habituation Rate ◽  
Geometric Patterns ◽  
Free Exploration ◽  
Methodological Aspects ◽  
Common Situation

If rate of habituation reflects information processing speed and is a stable individual characteristic, fast habituators should habituate relatively quickly to any stimulus, and slow habituators relatively slowly. Moreover, rate of habituation should be related to the baby's tendency to explore in any common situation. To examine these inferences, 24 four-month-old infants were habituated to four stimuli (two geometric patterns and two faces) successively, in two sessions, and observed in a free-exploration situation. The number of trials required to reach criterion in the habituation situations were not correlated, but total looking times to criterion were. Also, slow habituators stayed in the exploration situation for a relatively longer time and also explored a new toy for a longer time. Methodological aspects of habituation are discussed, and an interpretation of habituation sequences in terms of cognitive style is suggested.

Creative Music Strategies Based upon Poetry and the Language

1978 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-37
Author(s):  
Michael E. Cleveland
Keyword(s):  
Verbal Stimuli ◽  
Free Exploration ◽  
Musical Activity ◽  
Creative Music ◽  
Song Lyrics

Formal composition should not be a beginning creative musical activity, but should be preceded by freer, more divergent experiences with sound. Also, the concept of “composition” should be put aside in favor of that “organization of sounds.” Free exploration of sounds, using poetry or other means, may ultimately lead to the convergent skills required for formal composition. Five ways of using poetry and the language for creative experiences in music are discussed: 1. Inventing words for familiar songs 2. Writing song lyrics to a familiar melodic pattern 3. Adding sounds to an existing poem 4. Creating an original sound-piece from a poem 5. Improvising upon verbal stimuli

scholarly journals Egocentric boundary vector tuning of the retrosplenial cortex

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (8) ◽  
pp. eaaz2322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew S. Alexander ◽  
Lucas C. Carstensen ◽  
James R. Hinman ◽  
Florian Raudies ◽  
G. William Chapman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Receptive Fields ◽  
Retrosplenial Cortex ◽  
Response Property ◽  
Boundary Vector ◽  
Free Exploration ◽  
Multiple Structures ◽  
Hippocampal Theta ◽  
Self Motion ◽  
Specific Orientation ◽  
Allocentric Representations

The retrosplenial cortex is reciprocally connected with multiple structures implicated in spatial cognition, and damage to the region itself produces numerous spatial impairments. Here, we sought to characterize spatial correlates of neurons within the region during free exploration in two-dimensional environments. We report that a large percentage of retrosplenial cortex neurons have spatial receptive fields that are active when environmental boundaries are positioned at a specific orientation and distance relative to the animal itself. We demonstrate that this vector-based location signal is encoded in egocentric coordinates, is localized to the dysgranular retrosplenial subregion, is independent of self-motion, and is context invariant. Further, we identify a subpopulation of neurons with this response property that are synchronized with the hippocampal theta oscillation. Accordingly, the current work identifies a robust egocentric spatial code in retrosplenial cortex that can facilitate spatial coordinate system transformations and support the anchoring, generation, and utilization of allocentric representations.

scholarly journals Anticipatory Activity of Motor Cortex in Relation to Rhythmic Whisking

2006 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 1274-1277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendy A. Friedman ◽  
Lauren M. Jones ◽  
Nathan P. Cramer ◽  
Ernest E. Kwegyir-Afful ◽  
H. Philip Zeigler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Central Pattern Generator ◽  
Local Field ◽  
Local Field Potentials ◽  
Pattern Generator ◽  
Field Potentials ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Free Exploration ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Anticipatory Activity

Rats characteristically generate stereotyped exploratory (5–12 Hz) whisker movements, which can also be adaptively modulated. Here we tested the hypothesis that the vibrissal representation in motor cortex (vMCx) initiates and modulates whisking by acting on a subcortical whisking central pattern generator (CPG). We recorded local field potentials (LFPs) in vMCx of behaving Sprague-Dawley rats while monitoring whisking behavior through mystacial electromyograms (EMGs). Recordings were made during free exploration, under body restraint, or in a head-fixed animal. LFP activity increased significantly prior to the onset of a whisking epoch and ended prior to the epoch's termination. In addition, shifts in whisking kinematics within a whisk epoch were often reflected in changes in LFP activity. These data support the hypothesis that vMCx may initiate and modulate whisking behavior through its action on a subcortical CPG.

AudioFunctions: Eyes-Free Exploration of Mathematical Functions on Tablets

2014 ◽  
pp. 537-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marzia Taibbi ◽  
Cristian Bernareggi ◽  
Andrea Gerino ◽  
Dragan Ahmetovic ◽  
Sergio Mascetti
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Functions ◽  
Free Exploration

scholarly journals Starting strong: Dietary, behavioral, and environmental factors that promote “strength” from conception to age 2 years

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (10) ◽  
pp. 1066-1070
Author(s):  
Robert Murray
Keyword(s):  
Life Stage ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Tissue Growth ◽  
Cognitive Capacity ◽  
Fine Motor ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Epigenetic Factors ◽  
Free Exploration ◽  
Socioemotional Skills ◽  
The Brain

Beginning with conception and continuing through childhood and adolescence, the word “strength” connotes the totality of optimal early bone and tissue growth; neural wiring of the brain; and acquisition of fine motor, gross motor, language, and socioemotional skills. The robustness of each of these attributes depend on 3 critical epigenetic (external) factors: the quality of nutrition; positive adult nurturing; and experiences acquired within a stimulating, safe environment that affords free exploration. This review highlights the relationship between the epigenetic factors in the period of conception to age 2 years and a child’s future health, cognitive capacity, and social aptitude, which collectively comprise their “strength”. This paper was presented as part of the 2018 Strength Summit conference entitled, The Role of Strength in Optimal Health and Well-being. Novelty Strength in infants signifies the totality of optimal early growth and neural wiring of the brain. Strength at this life stage also includes the acquisition of motor, language, and socioemotional skills. Three epigenetic factors are critical during birth to 24 months: nutrition, nurturing, and free exploration.

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