Study of Branching Responses of One Year Old Branches of Apple Trees to Heading Using Hidden Semi-Markov Chains

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ning Xia ◽  
Aishuang Li ◽  
Guizhi Zhu ◽  
Xiaoguo Niu ◽  
Chunsheng Hou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Markov Chains ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
One Year

Herbicide Effects on Weed Control and Shoot Growth of Young Apple (Malus sylvestris) and Peach (Prunus persica) Trees

1994 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 840-848 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chester L. Foy ◽  
Susan B. Harrison ◽  
Harold L. Witt
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
One Year ◽  
Broadleaf Species ◽  
Old Trees ◽  
Peach Trees

Field experiments were conducted at two locations in Virginia to evaluate the following herbicides: alachlor, diphenamid, diuron, metolachlor, napropamide, norflurazon, oryzalin, oxyfluorfen, paraquat, pendimethalin, and simazine. One experiment involved newly-transplanted apple trees; the others, three in apple and one in peach trees, involved one-year-old trees. Treatments were applied in the spring (mid-April to early-May). Control of annual weed species was excellent with several treatments. A broader spectrum of weeds was controlled in several instances when the preemergence herbicides were used in combinations. Perennial species, particularly broadleaf species and johnsongrass, were released when annual species were suppressed by the herbicides. A rye cover crop in nontreated plots suppressed the growth of weeds. New shoot growth of newly-transplanted apple trees was increased with 3 of 20 herbicide treatments and scion circumference was increased with 11 of 20 herbicide treatments compared to the nontreated control. Growth of one-year-old apple trees was not affected. Scion circumference of one-year-old peach trees was increased with 25 of 33 herbicide treatments.

Response of newly planted peach and apple trees to superphosphate

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 521 ◽  
Author(s):  
BK Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Tree Growth ◽  
Phosphate Fertilizer ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Leaf Analysis ◽  
Major Interest ◽  
Marked Decline ◽  
One Year ◽  
Peach Trees

The response of peach and apple trees to added superphosphate was recorded both in the nursery and later in the orchard after transplanting. The peach and apple trees responded positively to phosphate applications in both the nursery and the orchard despite the initial presence of medium to high phosphate levels in the soils. Of major interest, too, was the absence of a consistent interaction between the phosphate treatments applied in the separate years. This suggested that the trees could not accumulate enough phosphorus in any one year to influence their response to further phosphate. Leaf analysis showed two important effects in relation to the phosphate treatments. Firstly, since high rates of application of fertilizer led to only small increases in the levels of phosphorus in the leaves, tree growth rate and phosphate absorption rate are apparently closely coupled. Secondly, the deliberate withholding of phosphate fertilizer from all trees in the fourth season led to a marked decline in the levels of phosphorus in the leaves of both peach and apple, which suggested that phosphate fertilizer should be applied annually to young fruit trees. With apple, but not peach, increasing the rate of phosphate applied in the third season stimulated the number of flower buds initiated, but this effect was not simply the result of increased vegetative growth. On the other hand, phosphate application to the peach trees in the orchard resulted in a positive fruit set and yield response in the absence of any tree growth response.

THE SELENIUM UPTAKE AND ITS DISTRIBUTION IN PARTS OF ONE-YEAR OLD APPLE TREES

1998 ◽  
pp. 159-162
Author(s):  
S. Antic-Mladenovic ◽  
V. Licina ◽  
M. Jakovljevic
Keyword(s):  
Apple Trees ◽  
Selenium Uptake ◽  
One Year

scholarly journals COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON NEWLY DEVISED AND CONVENTIONAL METHODS OF GRAFTING IN ONE-YEAR-OLD `FUJI' APPLE TREES/ M.2 /MALUS PRUN1FOLIA SEEDLINGS.

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 691b-691
Author(s):  
Yong-Koc Kim ◽  
Yong-Suk Kim
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Studies ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Complete Healing ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Tree Form ◽  
Xylem Tissue ◽  
Fuji Apple ◽  
Conventional Methods ◽  
One Year

Experiments were carried out to evaluate some newly devised and conventional methods of grafting using `Fuji' apple trees on M.26/M. prunifolia rootstocks. Out of various methods of grafting, the modified inverted-veneer grafting and the inverted bark grafting showed a complete healing of the grafting union leaving no part of xylem tissue exposed in the air. However, owing to the longer period of growth for the trees grafted by the modified inverted-veneer grafting than the inverted bark grafting during the period of one growing season, the modified inverted-veneer gave slightly better shoot growth than the inverted bark grafting. It was clear that the former two methods were superior to the all other grafting methods, i.e., whip-and-tongue grafting, modified veneer grafting, inverted-veneer grafting, bark grafting, and chip budding in the grafting union healing, shoot growth, and tree form performance.

scholarly journals Residual Effects of Chemical Induction of Branching of Apple Trees in the Nursery on Their Performance after Transplanting

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 685f-685
Author(s):  
Tadeusz Jacyna
Keyword(s):  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Lateral Branch ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Chemical Induction ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Chemical Treatments ◽  
Branch Formation ◽  
One Year ◽  
Old Trees

One-year-old trees of three apple selections [NY73334-35 (A), NY75414-1 (B), and NY75413-30 (C)] from the Geneva Breeding Program were transplanted into an orchard. While at the nursery, the trees were treated with Promalin and Accel, by themselves or in combination, to promote lateral branch formation (feathering). After trees were transplanted, no growth regulators were applied to the trees. One year after transplanting, treated trees of B and C had produced more feathers than the controls. This was particularly pronounced with the very difficult-to-branch selection C. No differences between chemical treatments were found. Regardless of selection, each chemical treatment significantly influenced increase in total extension growth compared to the control and contributed to rapid build up of tree structure. There were no differences between the treatments in tree height, tree caliper, or the number of spurs.

The Pruning Response of One-year Apple Trees

1959 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 319-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. H. MAGGS
Keyword(s):  
Apple Trees ◽  
One Year

Agrobacterium rhizogenes. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1965 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Hayward
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Agrobacterium Rhizogenes ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Untreated Soil ◽  
Pratylenchus Vulnus ◽  
Nursery Stock ◽  
Small Roots ◽  
Lesion Nematode ◽  
One Year ◽  
Fibrous Roots

Abstract A description is provided for Agrobacterium rhizogenes. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Maluspumila, Rosa spp., Rubus spp. A further 23 hosts representing 22 genera in 12 families are listed by Elliott (31: 105), p. 4. DISEASE: Hairy root of apple, pear, raspberry, and rose. Symptoms on apple consist of a very large number of small roots protruding from the stems or roots or from localized hard swellings at graft unions, or in roses at the ends of cuttings or at disbud scars (43: 487). These malformations may be fleshy at first but eventually become fibrous. Distinguished from crown gall caused by A. tumefaciens, by the production of fibrous roots on the surface of the gall. Apple trees inoculated with A. rhizogenes became stunted whilst trees infected with A. tumefaciens were not significantly smaller than controls (38: 527). Inoculation of apple trees with mixed cultures of the two species resulted in gall formations showing intergrading features characteristic of both diseases (11: 461). The two pathogens also produce distinct symptoms on rose (43: 487). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widely distributed in apple nurseries and orchards in the U.S.A. Also recorded on rose in Calif, and Texas (43: 487; 19: 348; 16: 613). Outsize the U.S.A., there are few definite records. There are reports from Japan (Fujioka, 32: 278, p. 12), Bulgaria (13: 493), France (43: 2639), and two unconfirmed from Italy (15: 774; 25: 493). Records given by Hedgecock (Bull. Bur. Pl. Ind. U.S. Dep. Agric. 186: 12, 1910) of the occurrence of the pathogen in Canada, Germany and the Netherlands have not been confirmed and are probably incorrect (CMI Map 140). TRANSMISSION: Agrobacterium rhizogenes is exclusively a wound pathogen (13: 776), and is readily disseminated on nursery stock which may become infected from soil or by tools contaminated with the pathogen when cuttings or grafts are made. Infection is also spread in apple stocks by insects which eat the galls and other underground parts. On rose, the bacteria may penetrate roots through injuries causes by the root-lesion nematode, Pratylenchus vulnus (43, 481). Survival in steamed or untreated soil for more than one year has been demonstrated, and virulence has been maintained in culture for over 19 years (40: 513).

scholarly journals The Relationship between Shoot Growth and Stored Assimilates after Pruning in One-year-old Apple Trees

2008 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 375-380
Author(s):  
Jianbo Xu ◽  
Osamu Arakawa ◽  
Takenori Asada
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Relationship
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