Co- and counter-propagating second-order-pumped lumped fiber Raman amplifiers

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.A. Chestnut ◽  
C.J.S. de Matos ◽  
P.C. Reeves-Hall ◽  
J.R. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Second Order ◽  
Raman Amplifiers

Copropagating and counterpropagating pumps in second-order-pumped discrete fiber Raman amplifiers

2002 ◽  
Vol 27 (19) ◽  
pp. 1708 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Chestnut ◽  
C. J. S. de Matos ◽  
P. C. Reeves-Hall ◽  
J. R. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Second Order ◽  
Raman Amplifiers ◽  
Discrete Fiber

Analysis of Dual-Order Backward Pumping Schemes in Distributed Raman Amplification System

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-214
Author(s):  
Kulwinder Singh ◽  
Manjeet Singh Patterh ◽  
Manjit Singh Bhamrah
Keyword(s):  
Noise Figure ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Optical Signal ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Raman Gain ◽  
First Order ◽  
Raman Amplifiers ◽  
Amplification System ◽  
Fiber Optic Communication ◽  
Optic Communication

AbstractBackward pumping in fiber Raman amplifiers has been investigated in this paper in terms of on-off Raman gain, noise figure and optical signal-to-noise ratio. The results exhibit that with four first-order pumps and one second-order pump scheme can be employed to achieve 8.2 dB noise figure in 64 channel fiber optic communication system. It has also been reported that 2.65 dB gain ripple, 0.87 dB noise figure tilt and 2.02 dB OSNR tilt can be attained with the second-order pumping in fiber Raman amplifiers. The main advantage of the scheme is that only 50 mW second-order pump shows appreciable improvement in the system performance. It shows that further increase in first-order and second-order pump powers increase system noise implications.

scholarly journals Raman Amplification Optimization in Short-Reach High Data Rate Coherent Transmission Systems

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (19) ◽  
pp. 6521
Author(s):  
Mingming Tan ◽  
Md Asif Iqbal ◽  
Tu T. Nguyen ◽  
Paweł Rosa ◽  
Lukasz Krzczanowicz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Short Distance ◽  
Single Mode ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Transmission Performance ◽  
Single Mode Fibre ◽  
First Order ◽  
High Data ◽  
Raman Amplifiers ◽  
Mode Fibre ◽  
Better Than

We compared the transmission performances of 600 Gbit/s PM-64QAM WDM signals over 75.6 km of single-mode fibre (SMF) using EDFA, discrete Raman, hybrid Raman/EDFA, and first-order or second-order (dual-order) distributed Raman amplifiers. Our numerical simulations and experimental results showed that the simple first-order distributed Raman scheme with backward pumping delivered the best transmission performance among all the schemes, notably better than the expected second-order Raman scheme, which gave a flatter signal power variation along the fibre. Using the first-order backward Raman pumping scheme demonstrated a better balance between the ASE noise and fibre nonlinearity and gave an optimal transmission performance over a relatively short distance of 75 km SMF.

Disappearance Voltage Determinations Using a Convergent Beam

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 184-185
Author(s):  
W. L. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Second Order ◽  
Objective Method ◽  
Uniform Thickness ◽  
Rocking Curve ◽  
Crystal Perfection ◽  
Kikuchi Line ◽  
Central Maximum ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
Convergent Beam ◽  
Beam Technique

Disappearance voltages for second order reflections can be determined experimentally in a variety of ways. The more subjective methods, such as Kikuchi line disappearance and bend contour imaging, involve comparing a series of diffraction patterns or micrographs taken at intervals throughout the disappearance range and selecting that voltage which gives the strongest disappearance effect. The estimated accuracies of these methods are both to within 10 kV, or about 2-4%, of the true disappearance voltage, which is quite sufficient for using these voltages in further calculations. However, it is the necessity of determining this information by comparisons of exposed plates rather than while operating the microscope that detracts from the immediate usefulness of these methods if there is reason to perform experiments at an unknown disappearance voltage.The convergent beam technique for determining the disappearance voltage has been found to be a highly objective method when it is applicable, i.e. when reasonable crystal perfection exists and an area of uniform thickness can be found. The criterion for determining this voltage is that the central maximum disappear from the rocking curve for the second order spot.

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