Special report : Can we copy the brain? - A road map for the artificial brain

IEEE Spectrum ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 46-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Hasler
Keyword(s):  
Special Report ◽  
Road Map ◽  
Artificial Brain ◽  
The Brain

Dynamics of ventilatory response to step changes in PCO2 of blood perfusing the brain stem

1989 ◽  
Vol 66 (5) ◽  
pp. 2168-2173 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Berkenbosch ◽  
D. S. Ward ◽  
C. N. Olievier ◽  
J. DeGoede ◽  
J. VanHartevelt
Keyword(s):  
Brain Stem ◽  
Time Delays ◽  
Ventilatory Response ◽  
Roller Pump ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Artificial Brain ◽  
Alpha Chloralose ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Single Exponential Function ◽  
Single Exponential

The technique of artificial brain stem perfusion was used to assess the ventilatory response to step changes in PCO2 of the blood perfusing the brain stem of the cat. A two-channel roller pump and a four-way valve allow switching the gas exchanger into and out of the extracorporeal circuit, which controlled the perfusion to the brain stem. Seven alpha-chloralose-urethan-anesthetized cats were studied, and 25 steps of increasing and 23 steps of decreasing PCO2 were analyzed. A model consisting of a single-exponential function with time delay best described the ventilatory response. The time delays 11.7 +/- 8.1 and 6.4 +/- 6.8 (SD) s (obtained from mean values per cat) for the step into and out of hypercapnia, respectively, were not significantly different (P = 0.10) and were of the order of the transit time of the tubing from valve to brain stem. The steady-state CO2 sensitivities obtained from the on- and off-responses were also not significantly different (P = 0.10). The time constants 87 +/- 25 and 150 +/- 51 s, respectively, were significantly different (P = 0.0002). We conclude that the central chemoreflex is adequately modeled by a single component with a different time constant for on- and off-responses.

A Model of Motivation with Chaotic Neuronal Dynamics

1997 ◽  
Vol 05 (02) ◽  
pp. 301-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lev E. Tsitolovsky
Keyword(s):  
Living Systems ◽  
Computer Algorithms ◽  
Metabolic Disturbances ◽  
Neuronal Dynamics ◽  
Optimal State ◽  
Artificial Brain ◽  
Full Knowledge ◽  
Goal Directed Behavior ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Conventional Computer

The key problem to creating an autonomous system is: how does the brain choose its reactions, and how are motivation determined by ongoing signals, memory and heredity. In attempts to design a robot brain, several efforts have been made to design a self-contained control system that mimics biological motivation. However, it is impossible to develop an artificial brain using conventional computer algorithms, since a conventional program cannot predict all of the possible perturbations and disturbances in the environment, and hence cannot plan strategies that allow the system to overcome these perturbations and return to an optimal state. An external programmer must constantly update the system about the proper strategies needed to overcome newly-encountered perturbations. In contradistinction, living systems demonstrate excellent goal-directed behavior without the participation of an external programmer, and without full knowledge of the external environment. Biological motivation refers to actions on the part of an organism that lead to the attainment of a specific goal. When the organism attains the goal it is in an optimal state, and no further actions are generated. A deviation from the optimum will result in a change in activity that leads to a return to the optimum. Biologic motivations arise as the result of metabolic disturbances and are related to transient injury of the specific neurons. Treatments which protect neurons satisfy motivations and exert a psychotropic action relative to relief. I have developed a novel hypothesis of how living systems achieve a goal, based on data gathered on the effects of motivation on individual neurons. I claim that if the neuron affects the non-stability of its postsynaptic targets (probably by means of motivationally-relevant substances) in the end it chooses its reaction, although at each instant it acts by chance.

scholarly journals BLUE BRAIN

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 1009-1017
Author(s):  
Chandani R. Suryawanshi ◽  
Vinod Nayyar
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
High Speed ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Dimensional Model ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Artificial Brain ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Shed Light

Today scientists are in research to create an artificial brain that can think, respond, take decision, and keep anything in memory. The main aim is to upload human brain into machine. So that man can think, take decision without any effort. After the death of the body, the virtual brain will act as the man. So, even after the death of a person we will not loose the knowledge, intelligence, personalities, feelings and memories of that man, that can be used for the development of the human society. Technology is growing faster than every thing. IBM is now in research to create a virtual brain, called Blue brain. If possible, this would be the first virtual brain of the world. IBM, in partnership with scientists at Switzerlands Ecole Polytech- nique Federale de Lausannes (EPFL) Brain and Mind Institute will begin simulating the brains biological systems and output the data as a working 3-dimensional model that will recreate the high-speed electrochemical interactions that take place within the brains interior. These include cognitive functions such as language, learning, perception and memory in addition to brain malfunction such as psychiatric disorders like depression and autism. From there, the modeling will expand to other regions of the brain and, if successful, shed light on the relationships between genetic, molecular and cognitive functions of the brain.

scholarly journals Machinery, Intelligence and Our Intentionality. Grounds for Establishing Paradoxical Discourses

1970 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin T. A. Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Computation ◽  
Special Form ◽  
Artificial Brain ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Brain

Attaching the robotic body to the artificial brain (the computer) is a poor way of going about constructing autonomous mentality. It represents nothing more than an extension of the brain and succumbs to using experience as a confirmation of the scientist's belief that he may speak in artificial terms of mind of mentality. This naturally leads to producing a paradoxical discourse on the subject of robotics and thereby leads to confusion. The author indicates readings of paramount importance for disentangling the language involved in this special form of evolutionary computation.

scholarly journals The comparative neuroprimatology 2018 (CNP-2018) road map for research on How the Brain Got Language

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 370-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Arbib ◽  
Francisco Aboitiz ◽  
Judith M. Burkart ◽  
Michael Corballis ◽  
Gino Coudé ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Cultural Evolution ◽  
Common Ancestor ◽  
Great Apes ◽  
Last Common Ancestor ◽  
Road Map ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Comparative Study ◽  
Brain Behavior ◽  
The Brain

Abstract We present a new road map for research on “How the Brain Got Language” that adopts an EvoDevoSocio perspective and highlights comparative neuroprimatology – the comparative study of brain, behavior and communication in extant monkeys and great apes – as providing a key grounding for hypotheses on the last common ancestor of humans and monkeys (LCA-m) and chimpanzees (LCA-c) and the processes which guided the evolution LCA-m → LCA-c → protohumans → H. sapiens. Such research constrains and is constrained by analysis of the subsequent, primarily cultural, evolution of H. sapiens which yielded cultures involving the rich use of language.

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