scholarly journals Small-scale drinking water treatment unit of filtration and UV disinfection for remote area

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 2106-2118
Author(s):  
Kassim Chabi ◽  
Jie Zeng ◽  
Lizheng Guo ◽  
Xi Li ◽  
Chengsong Ye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Dissolved Organic Carbon ◽  
Bacterial Community Composition ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Treatment Unit ◽  
Remote Areas

Abstract People in remote areas are still drinking surface water that may contain certain pollutants including harmful microorganisms and chemical compounds directly without any pretreatment. In this study, we have designed and operated a pilot-scale drinking water treatment unit as part of our aim to find an economic and easily operable technology for providing drinking water to people in those areas. Our small-scale treatment unit contains filtration and disinfection (UV–C irradiation) stages to remove pollutants from source water. The water quality index was determined based on various parameters such as pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, phosphorus, dissolved organic carbon and bacteria. Water and media samples after DNA extraction were sequenced using Illumina MiSeq throughput sequencing for the determination of bacterial community composition. After the raw water treatment, the reduction of bacteria concentration ranged from 1 to 2 log10. The average removal of the turbidity, ammonium, nitrite, phosphorus and dissolved organic carbon reached up to 95.33%, 85.71%, 100%, 28.57%, and 45%, respectively. In conclusion, multiple biological stages in our designed unit showed an improvement of the drinking water quality. The designed drinking treatment unit produces potable water meeting standards at a lower cost of operation and it can be used in remote areas.

Design Optimization of Sustainable Off-Grid Power Systems for the Developing World

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Bilton ◽  
Leah Kelley ◽  
Francesco Mazzini
Keyword(s):  
Power Systems ◽  
Power System ◽  
Hybrid Systems ◽  
System Reliability ◽  
Developing World ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Small Hospital ◽  
Remote Areas ◽  
Method Show

Electrification of remote areas in the developing world can greatly improve the health and economic standing of the population. Unfortunately, providing power to these remote areas can be expensive and determining the most economical solution is not trivial. This paper presents a method to compare the economics of different small-scale power systems for developing world. In this method, models are developed to describe the performance of power systems composed of diesel generators, batteries with photovoltaics or wind turbines, and hybrid systems. These models are coupled to an optimizer to determine the lowest cost solution that meets the desired system reliability. The reliability is expressed as Loss of Load Probability, and is computed using hourly solar and wind data. In this paper, this method is used to design a power system for a small hospital in the developing world. The results are presented for three sample locations in Honduras, Pakistan, and Uganda. Results show that the economic attractiveness of different technologies varies greatly due to local climatic conditions. The variety and soundness of the solutions found using this method show that it can aid in the design of a small-scale power system for any location in the developing world.

scholarly journals Development Strategy of National Food Sovereignty To Encounter Radicalism Threat

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 544-553
Keyword(s):  
Development Strategy ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Food Sovereignty ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Economic Management ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
Remote Areas ◽  
The Government ◽  
Specific Management

Higher demand for broader and possible growth of the problem of state instability. Nothing more than a problem triggers social conflict on a small scale to a large scale. This study aims to identify and study various reasons in Indonesia and also formulate conceptions to increase the responsibility of communities in remote areas. The qualitative method in this study was carried out descriptively based on literature studies. The approach used in this study is integral to the national paradigm and applicable regulations. The results of the study show that the concepts that are following the conditions of the community, increase competitiveness among the environment that can be accessed by the government and facilitate people to manage the natural resources of the region, conduct and implement site-specific management and develop economic management to produce superior products.

scholarly journals Design and Implementation of UAV Architecture for Delivering Medical Products

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 3500-3505
Keyword(s):  
High Mobility ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Blood Products ◽  
Packet Delivery ◽  
Medical Products ◽  
Remote Areas ◽  
Scale Size ◽  
Disaster Monitoring ◽  
Monitoring And Surveillance ◽  
The Right

Unmanned Aerial vehicles (UAVs) likewise regularly alluded to as automatons, and are increasing incredible research intrigue, consideration as a significant future innovation. These vehicles have almost boundless potential essentially because of their high mobility and small scale size, that permits their utilization in different applications. Among numerous kinds of UAVs, the multi-copter UAVs with 4 rotors (quadcopter) are being utilized and used regularly. Automatons are semi-self-governing airplanes that can be controlled and worked remotely. Economically accessible automatons are progressively being utilized in an assortment of uses. It is being used in a variety of applications such as,3-D mapping, disaster monitoring, aerial packet delivery, photography and filming, and very useful in the field of monitoring and surveillance also in unmanned cargo system .Recent innovations made huge growth in this field that made the researchers to develop applications which are useful in the field of medicine to deliver drugs ,blood products in remote areas. A medical drugs is delivered to the person based on the location which was identified through GPS module .This system offers the medicine to be delivered to the right person and at right time.

scholarly journals Snow-cover depth, distribution and duration data from northeast Greenland obtained by continuous automatic digital photography

2001 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 102-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanne H. Christiansen
Keyword(s):  
Snow Cover ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Digital Photography ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Remote Areas ◽  
Cover Depth ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Winter Snow ◽  
Snow Drifting ◽  
Snow Cover Depth

AbstractDetailed data on autumn, winter and spring snow-cover conditions from remote areas are often difficult or very expensive to obtain. Therefore, an inexpensive method of digital photography was tested in high-Arctic Greenland. Automatic digital photography has provided daily data on snow distribution and snow depth for > 1 year from the Zackenberg area (74°30’ N) in northeast Greenland. A standard digital hand-held camera (Kodak Digital Science DC50) was equipped to become automatic; it is supplied with an “automatic finger” and an external power supply and built into a protecting box with additional solar panels on top, in order to secure continuous operation throughout the year. The daily photograph covers a 100 m transect through a seasonal snowpatch, and thus on an annual basis also yields information on snow-cover duration in the different vegetation zones of the snowpatch. The camera was installed in mid-August 1998. Photographs from the period mid-August 1998 to early September 1999 were collected and analyzed. All photos are taken at astronomic noon in order to use the daylight as long as possible into the winter season before the 24 h winter darkness begins in mid-November.The digital photographs yielded the following information for the year 1998/99: The first winter snowfall occurred on 18 October; small-scale snow redistribution by snow-drifting started when the winter snow cover was about 5 cm thick. The continuous winter snow cover lasted for a minimum of 170 days in the most snow-deprived areas downwind of the snowpatch, whereas snow in the centre of the snowpatch stayed on the ground for > 325 days, turning the snowpatch perennial in summer 1999.Meteorological data obtained close to the photographed snowpatch site, in combination with the snow-cover depth and distribution data derived from the photographs, show that at wind speeds (at 2 m height) of up to around 6 m s−1, only small-scale snow-drifting took place, when the snow cover was thin. Intense snowdrifting, however, took place at wind speeds of 8–13 m s−1, particularly when enough snow was available in the upwind area. The automatic continuous photography technique demonstrated here could be particularly useful in remote areas at high risk of avalanches during winter. It is an alternative to traditional snow monitoring achieved mainly by sonic sensors, snow pillows or manual measurements of snow depths Likewise, it can provide better areal information than most standard methods, which give only point measurements.

CrowdSlide – a mobile web application for building a database of gravitational mass movements using volunteer field reports

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jona Schlegel ◽  
Annemarie Grass ◽  
Florian Fuchs
Keyword(s):  
Web Application ◽  
Small Mass ◽  
Gravitational Mass ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Mass Movements ◽  
European Alps ◽  
Scientific Database ◽  
Mobile Web ◽  
Remote Areas ◽  
Event Information

<p><span>Gravitational mass movements like rockfalls or landslides pose a sincere threat to human population and infrastructure in particular in densely populated alpine regions such as the European Alps. Comprehensive identification of such events is challenging since they may occur spontaneously and at previously unknown places in remote areas. Small mass movements in remote areas may even completely evade our attention. Remote sensing surveys may also miss small-scale events in unfavorable conditions such as e.g. high-altitude rocky landscapes. However, comprehensive knowledge and reliable event data are of particular importance for the assessment of hazards imposed by rapid gravitational mass movements.</span></p><p>Consequently it is highly desired to expand our event databases and be open to new ways of data collection. We suggest that hikers and other enthusiasts can contribute to building a scientific database of gravitational mass movements by reporting events they witness or discover in the field. We developed a prototype of a mobile web application that allows anyone to report mass movements and to attach photographs and crucial event information such as location and time. Additional features may be implemented in the future, such as retrieving event information from social media posts. Future versions may also teach enthusiasts to characterize mass movements (e.g. type, volume) so they can contribute valuable information themselves. Ultimately, we are envisioning to form a citizen science community of interested enthusiasts that jointly create a valuable scientific database.</p>

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