Pillbox antenna design for millimeter-wave base-station applications

International radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure assessment standards and regulatory bodies have developed methods and specified requirements to assess the actual maximum RF EMF exposure from radio base stations enabling massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) and beamforming. Such techniques are based on the applications of power reduction factors (PRFs), which lead to more realistic, albeit conservative, exposure assessments. In this study, the actual maximum EMF exposure and the corresponding PRFs are computed for a millimeter-wave radio base station array antenna. The computed incident power densities based on near-field and far-field approaches are derived using a Monte Carlo analysis. The results show that the actual maximum exposure is well below the theoretical maximum, and the PRFs similar to those applicable for massive MIMO radio base stations operating below 6 GHz are also applicable for millimeter-wave frequencies. Despite the very low power levels that currently characterize millimeter-wave radio base stations, using the far-field approach can also guarantee the conservativeness of the PRFs used to assess the actual maximum exposure close to the antenna.

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A review on mmWave based energy efficient RoF system for next generation mobile communication and broadband systems

Journal of Optical Communications ◽

10.1515/joc-2021-0159 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Parvin Kumar ◽

Sanjay Kumar Sharma ◽

Shelly Singla ◽

Varun Gupta ◽

Abhishek Sharma

Keyword(s):

Wireless Communication ◽

Optical Fiber ◽

Millimeter Wave ◽

Mobile Communication ◽

Energy Efficient ◽

Mobile Station ◽

Base Station ◽

Electrical Signal ◽

Next Generation ◽

Efficient System

Abstract In today’s scenario, wireless communication is turning into a decisive and leading backbone to access the worldwide network. Therefore, the usage of mobile phones and broadband is rising staggeringly. To satisfy their expulsive needs, it demands increment in data rates while providing higher bandwidth and utilizing optical fiber in wireless communication, and this becomes a worldwide analysis area. Radio over fiber (RoF) system is taken into account as best solution to fulfill these needs. In RoF system, the radio frequency signal operated at millimeter wave (30–300 GHz) is centralized and processed at control station (CS) and also, the CS upconverts this electrical signal to optical domain. By employing optical fiber link, this signal reaches to base station (BS). Then, the received optical signal converts back to electrical domain at the respective BS. Now BS radiates the electrical signal to corresponding mobile station (MS) in commission with the millimeter wave frequency bands. This RoF system is providing massive bandwidth, facilitating large mobility for RF frequency signals, small loss, fast and cost effective setup, wonderful security, and unlicensed spectrum etc. The RoF system introduces microcells structure for BS cells to boost the frequency reuse and needed capacity. It has benefits in terms of ability to fulfill increasing bandwidth demands to cut back the power consumption and the dimensions of the handset devices. This paper firstly explains the overview of existing wireless mobile communication and broadband systems and then, targets the review of RoF system which will become energy efficient system for next generation mobile communication and future broadband systems. This paper also includes the performance degradation and evaluation parameters. Finally, this paper presents the various research opportunities for its implementation zone.

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Millimeter Wave Antenna Design for On-Chip Electro-Optical Sensing Devices Using Optical Up-Conversion

10.23919/usnc-ursirsm52661.2021.9552338 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Abe Akhiyat ◽

Pawan Gaire ◽

John L. Volakis

Keyword(s):

Millimeter Wave ◽

Optical Sensing ◽

Antenna Design ◽

Wave Antenna ◽

Millimeter Wave Antenna ◽

On Chip

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Millimeter-Wave Base Station Cooperation Technologies for High-Mobility Environments

10.1109/apwcs50173.2021.9548717 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Tatsuki Okuyama ◽

Satoshi Suyama ◽

Nobuhide Nonaka ◽

Takahiro Asai

Keyword(s):

Millimeter Wave ◽

High Mobility ◽

Base Station ◽

Base Station Cooperation

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Conceptual Verification of Integrated Heterogeneous Network Based on 5G Millimeter Wave Use in Gymnasium

Symmetry ◽

10.3390/sym11030376 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 376 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Wanlin Yang

Keyword(s):

Millimeter Wave ◽

Heterogeneous Network ◽

Base Station ◽

Proof Of Concept ◽

Control Plane ◽

Small Unit ◽

Optical Link ◽

Wireless Backhaul ◽

Small Base ◽

Millimeter Wave Communication

Aiming at the problem that the optical link may be too expensive or even impossible to achieve in a large number of locations in the central part of the backhaul line, the proof-of-concept (PoC) verification of a millimeter-wave integrated heterogeneous network (HetNet) is proposed. HetNet includes a traditional macrocell network and a new small unit that uses a millimeter wave for backhaul line and link access. The concept of a segmentation control plane and user plane was introduced. In the HetNet integrated millimeter wave, the control plane and the user plane were segmented to support the uninterrupted connection and enhance the capacity of the millimeter wave small base station. Millimeter wave communication could be used not only for access links, but also for wireless backhaul links, which will facilitate the installation of small millimeter wave cells. Through conceptual verification (PoC), the feasibility of millimeter-wave integrated HetNet prototype with millimeter wave technology used for return lines and link access is proved.

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