Author(s):  
Farah Khan

Art is a fundamental part of human life. The language of art is the most powerful language one can understand beyond the barriers of communication, art provides an open forum for expressiveness. Since pre-historic time it has been observed as a mechanism of communication with each other. It has been analyzed that people throughout history used it for expressing their thoughts, beliefs, philosophies, fears and spiritual connections. Artists from all regions of the world have documented their voice through this medium of expression while focusing on the contemporary issues concerning their own time. In the contemporary age, art is observed as the most powerful tool for voicing the inward experiences of the artist. It is also being utilized for responding back to the society. Artists are free to express what they perceive individually and in what way they want the masses to conceive out of it. They are raising questions and analyzing the political and social scenario in their own visual idiom. In this manner, Pakistani artists are equally participating in raising their voice in visual form to communicate their experiences and challenges they are facing in the contemporary world. They are also providing answers to the prevailing chaos (globally and especially in Pakistan).


Author(s):  
Charles W. Allen

With respect to structural consequences within a material, energetic electrons, above a threshold value of energy characteristic of a particular material, produce vacancy-interstial pairs (Frenkel pairs) by displacement of individual atoms, as illustrated for several materials in Table 1. Ion projectiles produce cascades of Frenkel pairs. Such displacement cascades result from high energy primary knock-on atoms which produce many secondary defects. These defects rearrange to form a variety of defect complexes on the time scale of tens of picoseconds following the primary displacement. A convenient measure of the extent of irradiation damage, both for electrons and ions, is the number of displacements per atom (dpa). 1 dpa means, on average, each atom in the irradiated region of material has been displaced once from its original lattice position. Displacement rate (dpa/s) is proportional to particle flux (cm-2s-1), the proportionality factor being the “displacement cross-section” σD (cm2). The cross-section σD depends mainly on the masses of target and projectile and on the kinetic energy of the projectile particle.


2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberly A. Schreck ◽  
Melissa Russell ◽  
Luis Vargas ◽  
Tanya Brucie ◽  
Jennifer Hall

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (01) ◽  
pp. 036-046 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.C Banks ◽  
J.R.A Mitchell

SummaryWhen heparinised blood is rotated in a glass flask at 37°C. the white cell count falls and it has been shown that this is due to the adherence and aggregation of polymorphonuclear white cells on the wall of the flask. The masses formed bear a close structural resemblance to thrombi and the mechanisms involved in white cell loss during rotation may therefore increase our knowledge of the thrombotic process.


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