Modeling a multipurpose water tank plant

The scarcity of safe drinking water is one of the problems faced by the majority of cities in the world. Kirkuk city is one of these cities, which suffer from a shortage of drinking water. People have adopted the use of different rooftop tanks to overcome this problem. This research focuses on studying the effect of storage time on the five main characteristics of drinking water, which include, acid index (pH), electrical conductivity (EC), total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), and turbidity (Tr). Three types of tanks were used predominantly (galvanized metal, plastic, and aluminum tanks). By analyzing the results, the characteristics of three samples of municipal source water obtained. Three samples were taken from each tank at different periods (4, 8, and 12 days). The results showed that the storage time affected the characteristics of drinking water. These characteristics differed from one tank to another. Metal tanks showed an increase in total dissolved solids, due to the evaporation process, even as plastic and aluminum tanks showed an increase in pH. The properties of all storage water tanks changed with times, but overall, the results were within the Iraqi limitation for drinking water. It was not easy to only depend on the results of this study to believe that any one type of water tank was better than the other, as the values of most of the variables studied had varied from one type to other. However, many studies have indicated a number of health risks, and most significantly with regard to plastic tanks, which are said to contain dangerous organic compounds that can be transferred to water. Metal tanks can cause zinc leakage, caused by a number of environmental factors at high levels. Aluminum tanks also can have an effect on the water in tanks.

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CHANGES OF MICROPARTICLES AND BACTERIA IN GAPPEI-SYORI JOHKASOU AND RESIDUAL ORGANIC MATTER IN WATER OF THE TREATED WATER TANK

Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers Ser G (Environmental Research) ◽

10.2208/jscejer.74.iii_415 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 74 (7) ◽

pp. III_415-III_422

Author(s):

Yasushi ISHIGURO ◽

Guangyu CUI ◽

Tomonari FUJISAWA ◽

Katsuhito YASUFUKU ◽

Shinya OKUMURA ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Water Tank ◽

Treated Water ◽

Residual Organic Matter

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Project Review on Water Level Sensing Using PLC

Pakistan Journal of Engineering Technology & Science ◽

10.22555/pjets.v2i2.700 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Osama Mahfooz ◽

Mujtaba Memon ◽

Asim Iftikhar

Keyword(s):

Automatic Control ◽

Water Level ◽

Digital Computer ◽

Human Error ◽

Water Tank ◽

Industrial Plants ◽

Commercial Use ◽

The Cost ◽

Water Tanks

A PLC is a digital computer used to automate electromechanical processes. This research is based on automation of a water tank by using Siemens PLC. Automatic control of water tanks can work continuously and can provide accurate quantity of water in less time. In such process there is no need of labor so there is no human error. Without human error, the quality of product is better and the cost of production would definitely decrease with no error in quantity required. Water level sensing can be implemented in industrial plants, commercial use and even at home

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First and Second Law Analysis of a Flat Plate Collector Working With Nanofluids

Volume 6B: Energy ◽

10.1115/imece2018-87782 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

M. T. Nitsas ◽

I. P. Koronaki ◽

L. Prentza

Keyword(s):

Flat Plate ◽

Second Law Of Thermodynamics ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Working Fluid ◽

Second Law ◽

Inlet Temperature ◽

Water Tank ◽

Systems Quality ◽

Typical Day ◽

Flat Plate Collector

The utilization of solar energy in thermal energy systems was and always be one of the most effective alternative to conventional energy resources. Energy efficiency is widely used as one of the most important parameters in order to evaluate and compare thermal systems including solar collectors. Nevertheless, the first law of thermodynamics is not solely capable of describing the quantitative and qualitative performance of such systems and thus exergy efficiency is used so as to introduce the systems’ quality. In this work, the performance of a flat plate solar collector using water based nanofluids of different nanoparticle types as a working fluid is analyzed theoretically under the climatic conditions in Greece based on the First and Second Law of Thermodynamics. A mathematical model is built and the model equations are solved iteratively in a MATLAB code. The energy and exergy efficiencies as well as the collector losses coefficient for various parameters such as the inlet temperature, the particles concentration and type are determined. Moreover, a dynamic model is built so as to determine the performance of a flat plate collector working with nanofluids and the useful energy that can be stored in a water tank. The exergy destruction and exergy leakage are determined for a typical day in summer during which high temperatures and solar intensity values are common for the Greek climate.

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Design of Optimal PID Controller withɛ-Routh Stability for Different Processes

Mathematical Problems in Engineering ◽

10.1155/2013/582879 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-22 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

XianHong Li ◽

HaiBin Yu ◽

MingZhe Yuan

Keyword(s):

Pid Controller ◽

Design Method ◽

Optimization Methods ◽

Pid Controllers ◽

Water Tank ◽

Nonlinear Constraint ◽

Order Error ◽

Interior Method ◽

Tank System ◽

Tuning Methods

This paper presents a design method of the optimal proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller withɛ-Routh stability for different processes through Lyapunov approach. The optimal PID controller could be acquired by minimizing an augmented integral squared error (AISE) performance index which contains control error and at least first-order error derivative, or even may containnth-order error derivative. The optimal control problem could be transformed into a nonlinear constraint optimization (NLCO) problem via Lyapunov theorems. Therefore, optimal PID controller could be obtained by solving NLCO problem through interior method or other optimization methods. The proposed method can be applied for different processes, and optimal PID controllers under various control weight matrices andɛ-Routh stability are presented for different processes. Control weight matrix andɛ-Routh stability’s effects on system performances are studied, and different tuning methods’ system performances are also discussed.ɛ-Routh stability’s effects on disturbance rejection ability are investigated, and different tuning methods’ disturbances rejection ability is studied. To further illustrate the proposed method, experimental results of coupled water tank system (CWTS) under different set points are presented. Both simulation results and experiment results show the effectiveness and usefulness of the proposed method.

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