scholarly journals Controlling Gossip Protocol Infection Pattern Using Adaptive Fanout

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Verma ◽  
Wei Tsang Ooi
Keyword(s):  
Infection Pattern ◽  
Gossip Protocol

scholarly journals The Impact of Artesunate-Amodiaquine on Schistosoma mansoni Infection among Children Infected by Plasmodium in Rural Area of Lemfu, Kongo Central, Democratic Republic of the Congo

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kennedy Makola Mbanzulu ◽  
Josué Kikana Zanga ◽  
Jean Pierre Kambala Mukendi ◽  
Felly Mbaya Ntita ◽  
Junior Rika Matangila ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Schistosoma Mansoni ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Reduction Rate ◽  
Haemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal Study ◽  
Infection Pattern ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal ◽  
The Impact

Background. Malaria and schistosomiasis remain life-threatening public health problems in sub-Saharan Africa. The infection pattern related to age indicates that preschool and school-age children are at the highest risk of malaria and schistosomiasis. Both parasitic infections, separately or combined, may have negative impacts on the haemoglobin concentration levels. The existing data revealed that artemisinin derivatives commonly used to cure malaria present also in antischistosomal activities. The current study investigated the impact of Artesunate-Amodiaquine (AS-AQ) on schistosomiasis when administered to treat malaria in rural area of Lemfu, DRC. Methodology. A prospective longitudinal study including 171 coinfected children screened for anaemia, Schistosoma mansoni, and Plasmodium falciparum infections. The egg reduction rate and haemoglobin concentration were assessed four weeks after the treatment with AS-AQ, of all coinfected children of this series. Results. One hundred and twenty-five (74.4%) out of 168 coinfected children treated and present during the assessment were found stool negative for S. mansoni eggs. Out of 43 (25.6%) children who remained positives, 37 (22%) showed a partial reduction of eggs amount, and no reduction was noted in 3.6% of coinfected. The mean of haemoglobin concentration and the prevalence of anaemia were, respectively, 10.74±1.5g/dl , 11.2±1.3g/dl, and 64.8%, 51.8%, respectively, before and after treatment, p<0.001. Conclusion. The AS-AQ commonly used against Plasmodium allowed curing S. mansoni in coinfected children and increasing the Hb level. For the future, the randomized and multicentric clinical trials are needed for a better understanding of the effectiveness of AS-AQ against Schistosoma spp. The trial registration number was 3487183.

scholarly journals Schistosoma japonicum infected sentinel mice surveillance and spatial point pattern analysis in Hubei province, China, 2010-2018

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan-Yan Chen ◽  
Si Liu ◽  
Xiao-Wei Shan ◽  
Hui Wang ◽  
Bo Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Schistosoma Japonicum ◽  
Density Estimation ◽  
Kernel Density Estimation ◽  
Kernel Density ◽  
Hubei Province ◽  
Point Pattern Analysis ◽  
Point Pattern ◽  
Infection Pattern ◽  
Risk Areas

Abstract Background Progress in national schistosomiasis control in China has successfully reduced disease transmission in many districts. However, a low transmission rate hinders conventional snail surveys in identifying areas at risk. In this study, Schistosoma japonicum infected sentinel mice surveillance was conducted to identify high risk areas of schistosomiasis transmission in Hubei province, China. Methods The risk of schistosomiasis transmission was assessed using sentinel mice monitoring in Hubei province from 2010 to 2018. Field detections were carried out in June and September and the sentinel mice were kept for approximately 35 days in a laboratory. Then they were dissected to determine whether schistosome infection was present. Ripley’s K-function and kernel density estimation were applied to analyze the spatial distribution and positive point pattern of schistosomiasis transmission. Results A total of 190 sentinel mouse surveillance sites were selected to detect areas of schistosomiasis infection from 2010 to 2018, with 29 sites showing infected mice (15.26%).A total of 4723 mice were dissected and112 infected mice containing 256 adult worms were detected. The infection rate was 2.37% and an average of 2.28 worms was detected per infected mouse. Significantly more infected mice were detected in June samples than in September samples (x2 = 12.11, P < 0.01).Ripley's L(d) index analysis showed that, when distance was less than or equal to 34.52 km, the sentinel mice infection pattern showed aggregation, with the strongest aggregation occurring at 7.86 km. Three hotspots were detected using kernel density estimation, namely: at the junction of Jingzhou District, Gong’an County and Shashi District in Jingzhou City; in Wuhan city at the border of the Huangpi and Dongxihu Districts and in the Hanan and Caidian Districts. Conclusion The results showed sentinel mice surveillance was useful in identifying high-risk areas and could provide valuable information for schistosomiasis prevention and control, especially concerning areas along the Yangtze River such as the Fu-Lun, Dongjing-Tongshun and Juzhang River basins.

scholarly journals Filtering out parasites: sand crabs (Lepidopa benedicti) are infected by more parasites than sympatric mole crabs (Emerita benedicti)

PeerJ ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. e3852
Author(s):  
Zen Faulkes
Keyword(s):  
Parasite Species ◽  
Neural Tissue ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Swash Zone ◽  
Crab Species ◽  
Decapod Crustaceans ◽  
Primary Host ◽  
Litopenaeus Setiferus ◽  
Infection Pattern ◽  
Behavioural Tests

Two digging decapod crustaceans, the sand crab speciesLepidopa benedictiand the mole crab speciesEmerita benedicti, both live in the swash zone of fine sand beaches. They were examined for two parasites that infect decapod crustaceans in the region, an unidentified nematode previously shown to infectL. benedicti, and cestode tapeworm larvae,Polypocephalussp., previously shown to infect shrimp (Litopenaeus setiferus).Lepidopa benedictiwere almost always infected with both parasite species, whileE. benedictiwere rarely infected with either parasite species. This difference in infection pattern suggests that tapeworms are ingested during sediment feeding inL. benedicti, whichE. benedictiavoid by filter feeding. LargerL. benedictihad morePolypocephalussp. larvae. The thoracic ganglia, which make up the largest proportion of neural tissue, contained the largest numbers ofPolypocephalussp. larvae. Intensity ofPolypocephalussp. infection was not correlated with how longL. benedictiremained above sand in behavioural tests, suggesting thatPolypocephalussp. do not manipulate the sand crabs in a way that facilitates trophic transmission of the parasite.Litopenaeus setiferusmay be a primary host forPolypocephalussp., andL. benedictmay be a secondary, auxiliary host.

scholarly journals Determinants of haemosporidian single and co-infections risks in western paleartic birds

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Romain Pigeault ◽  
Mathieu Chevalier ◽  
Camille-sophie Cozzarolo ◽  
Molly Baur ◽  
Mathilde Arlettaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life History Strategy ◽  
Infection Risk ◽  
Single Infection ◽  
Modelling Framework ◽  
Infection Pattern ◽  
Haemosporidian Parasites ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Deterministic Control ◽  
Parasite Evolution ◽  
Multiple Pathogens

Co-infections with multiple pathogens are common in the wild and may act as a strong selective pressure on both host and parasite evolution. Yet, contrary to single infection, the factors that shape co-infection risk are largely under-investigated. Here, we explored the extent to which bird ecology and phylogeny impact single and co-infection probabilities by haemosporidian parasites using large datasets from museum collections and a Bayesian phylogenetic modelling framework. While both phylogeny and species attributes (e.g. size of the geographic range, life-history strategy, migration) were relevant predictors of co-infection risk, these factors were less pertinent in predicting the probability of being single infected. Our study suggests that co-infection risk is under a stronger deterministic control than single-infection risk. These results underscore the combined influence of host evolutionary history and species attributes in determining single and co-infection pattern providing new avenues regarding our ability to predict infection risk in the wild.

Canine vector-borne pathogens in rural dogs in Chile: molecular survey and co-infection patterns

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aitor Cevidanes ◽  
Sophia Di Cataldo ◽  
Catalina Muñoz-San Martín ◽  
Claudia Hernández ◽  
Maria Stefania Latrofa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rhipicephalus Sanguineus ◽  
Metropolitan Region ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Central Chile ◽  
Infection Pattern ◽  
Acanthocheilonema Reconditum ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
Globally Distributed ◽  
Hematological Alterations

Abstract Background: Canine vector-borne pathogens (CVBP) comprises a relevant and globally distributed group of disease agents. The aim of this study is to determine de co-occurrence of the most relevant CVBP of veterinary and zoonotic interest, in free-ranging, owned, rural dogs of central Chile, and to evaluate risk factors and potential “hidden” hematological alterations associated to pathogen co-infection by two or more pathogens.Methods: Nine groups of canine vector-borne pathogens (CVBP) were molecularly investigated in 111 free-ranging, owned rural dogs in the Metropolitan Region of Chile. Results: At least one pathogen was detected in 75% of the dogs. The most prevalent agent was Anaplasma platys (36%), followed by Candidatus Mycoplasma haematoparvum (CMhp; 31%), Mycoplasma haemocanis (Mhc; 28%), Trypanosoma cruzi (17%), Leishmania spp. (4.5%) and Acanthocheilonema reconditum (1%). DNA of Ehrlichia spp., Rickettsia spp., Bartonella spp., Piroplasmida and Hepatozoon spp. was not detected. Thirty-eight dogs (34%) were coinfected, either by two (n=20), three (n=7), or four agents (n=1). The most common co-infection pattern was CMhp – Mhc (n=14). CMhp was involved in 71%, Mhc in 58%, and A. platys in 50% of the co-infections. Prevalence of A. platys was higher in juvenile than in adult dogs, whereas the opposite was found for CMhp and Mhc. Adult dogs had five times more probabilities of being coinfected than young animals. Dogs positive for A. platys were infested by a larger number of Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato ticks than uninfected individuals. At clinical evaluation, most of the animals were considered healthy, with only eight dogs (7%) presenting pale mucous membranes. Co-infected animals showed higher white blood cell count, segmented neutrophil count and GGT levels than non-co-infected dogs. Conclusions: This study represents the first report of Leishmania sp. in Chile. Clinically healthy but infected dogs as those studied here may act as reservoirs of CVBP, potentially contributing to the spread of these pathogens to other tick-exposed dogs as well as human beings or protected wild carnivores.

The effect of a milk diet uponPlasmodium berghei, Nuttallia (=Babesia) rodhainiandTrypanosoma bruceiinfections in mice

Parasitology ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 425-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Nowell
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Normal Diet ◽  
Normal Strain ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Milk Diet ◽  
Infection Pattern ◽  
Selection Of

Suppression ofP. bergheiinfections but not those ofN. rodhainiorT. bruceiin mice on milk diet were noted. The suppression ofP. bergheiwas variable. This was not due to differences of the quality of the milk or to the mice eating faeces, sawdust, etc. which may be rich in PABA. The variability was at least partially due to selection of a strain of parasite probably requiring a lower level of PABA than normal. One such strain was isolated and its pattern of infection compared with the normal strain. The ‘milk diet’ strain caused a higher fatality rate in mice on milk diet but always showed a lower parasitaemia growth rate in mice on normal diet. When repassaged through mice on normal diet, the ‘milk diet’ strain did not revert immediately to the infection pattern of the normal strain.

scholarly journals A Clinical Diagnostic System for Late-Stage Neuropsychiatric Lyme Borreliosis Based upon an Analysis of 100 Patients

Healthcare ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert C. Bransfield ◽  
Dylan M. Aidlen ◽  
Michael J. Cook ◽  
Sagar Javia
Keyword(s):  
Lyme Disease ◽  
Clinical Assessment ◽  
Late Stage ◽  
Post Infection ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Light Sensitivity ◽  
Clinical Findings ◽  
Infection Prevalence ◽  
Memory Impairments ◽  
Infection Pattern

Many late-stage chronic Lyme disease clinical findings are neuropsychiatric. A total clinical assessment is critical in diagnosis, especially since controversy surrounds the reliability of laboratory testing. The clinical findings of one hundred Lyme disease patients with chronic neuropsychiatric symptoms were entered into a database. The prevalence of each clinical finding pre-infection and post-infection was compared and calculated within the 95% confidence interval. Patients had minimal symptoms pre-infection, but a high post-infection prevalence of a broad spectrum of acquired multisystem symptoms. These findings included impairments of attention span, memory, processing, executive functioning, emotional functioning, behavior, psychiatric syndromes, vegetative functioning, neurological, musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, upper respiratory, dental, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, and other symptoms. The most prevalent symptoms included sustained attention impairments, brain fog, unfocused concentration, joint symptoms, distraction by frustration, depression, working memory impairments, decreased school/job performance, recent memory impairments, difficulty prioritizing multiple tasks, fatigue, non-restorative sleep, multitasking difficulties, sudden mood swings, hypersomnia, mental apathy, decreased social functioning, insomnia, tingling, word finding difficulties, name retrieval, headaches, sound hypersensitivity, paresis, anhedonia, depersonalization, cold intolerance, body temperature fluctuations, light sensitivity and dysfluent speech. The average patient had five symptoms pre-infection and 82 post-infection. Pattern recognition is critical in making a diagnosis. This study was used to develop three clinical assessment forms.

scholarly journals Microsporidian Infection in a Free-Living Marine Nematode

2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1544-1551 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Ardila-Garcia ◽  
N. M. Fast
Keyword(s):  
Marine Nematode ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Infection Pattern ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Muscle Tissues ◽  
Natural Hosts ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Microsporidian Infection

ABSTRACT Microsporidia are unicellular fungi that are obligate endoparasites. Although nematodes are one of the most abundant and diverse animal groups, the only confirmed report of microsporidian infection was that of the “nematode killer” ( Nematocida parisii ). N. parisii was isolated from a wild Caenorhabditis sp. and causes an acute and lethal intestinal infection in a lab strain of Caenorhabditis elegans . We set out to characterize a microsporidian infection in a wild nematode to determine whether the infection pattern of N. parisii in the lab is typical of microsporidian infections in nematodes. We describe a novel microsporidian species named Sporanauta perivermis (marine spore of roundworms) and characterize its infection in its natural host, the free-living marine nematode Odontophora rectangula. S. perivermis is not closely related to N. parisii and differs strikingly in all aspects of infection. Examination by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that the infection was localized in the hypodermal and muscle tissues only and did not involve the intestines. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) confirmed infection in the muscle and hypodermis, and surprisingly, it also revealed that the parasite infects O. rectangula eggs, suggesting a vertical mode of transmission. Our observations highlight the importance of studying parasites in their natural hosts and indicate that not all nematode-infecting microsporidia are “nematode killers”; instead, microsporidiosis can be more versatile and chronic in the wild.

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