scholarly journals Class-Balanced Loss Based on Effective Number of Samples

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yin Cui ◽  
Menglin Jia ◽  
Tsung-Yi Lin ◽  
Yang Song ◽  
Serge Belongie
Keyword(s):  
Effective Number ◽  
Effective Number Of Samples

Re-Thinking of Data Acquisition Rates in the Era of Expensive Data

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barton L. Smith ◽  
Douglas R. Neal
Keyword(s):  
Data Acquisition ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Effective Number ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Effective Number Of Samples ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Acquisition Rates

It is well known that the mean of a sample converges at a rate of 1/N, where N is the number of samples, assuming that are samples are statistically independent. This paper will show the impact of non-independent samples using real data as well as investigating the efficacy of methods to determine the effective number of samples with non-independent samples are acquired.

scholarly journals Assessing the limitations of effective number of samples for finding the uncertainty of the mean of correlated data

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (12) ◽  
pp. 125304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barton L Smith ◽  
Douglas R Neal ◽  
Mark A Feero ◽  
Geordie Richards
Keyword(s):  
Correlated Data ◽  
Effective Number ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Effective Number Of Samples

scholarly journals An Optical Analog-to-Digital Converter with Enhanced ENOB Based on MMI-Based Phase-Shift Quantization

Photonics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 52
Author(s):  
Yue Liu ◽  
Jifang Qiu ◽  
Chang Liu ◽  
Yan He ◽  
Ran Tao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase Shift ◽  
Multimode Interference ◽  
Analog To Digital Converter ◽  
Effective Number ◽  
Digital Converter ◽  
Analog To Digital ◽  
Mmi Coupler ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Optical Analog ◽  
Optical Quantization

An optical analog-to-digital converter (OADC) scheme with enhanced bit resolution by using a multimode interference (MMI) coupler as optical quantization is proposed. The mathematical simulation model was established to verify the feasibility and to investigate the robustness of the scheme. Simulation results show that 20 quantization levels (corresponding to 4.32 of effective number of bits (ENOB)) are realized by using only 6 channels, which indicates that the scheme requires much fewer quantization channels or modulators to realize the same amount of ENOB. The scheme is robust and potential for integration.

scholarly journals Effect of genome composition and codon bias on infectious bronchitis virus evolution and adaptation to target tissues

BMC Genomics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Franzo ◽  
Claudia Maria Tucciarone ◽  
Matteo Legnardi ◽  
Mattia Cecchinato
Keyword(s):  
Codon Usage ◽  
Codon Bias ◽  
Synonymous Codon ◽  
Synonymous Codon Usage ◽  
Accessory Proteins ◽  
Effective Number ◽  
Genome Composition ◽  
Infectious Bronchitis ◽  
Selective Forces ◽  
Effective Number Of Codons

Abstract Background Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is one of the most relevant viruses affecting the poultry industry, and several studies have investigated the factors involved in its biological cycle and evolution. However, very few of those studies focused on the effect of genome composition and the codon bias of different IBV proteins, despite the remarkable increase in available complete genomes. In the present study, all IBV complete genomes were downloaded (n = 383), and several statistics representative of genome composition and codon bias were calculated for each protein-coding sequence, including but not limited to, the nucleotide odds ratio, relative synonymous codon usage and effective number of codons. Additionally, viral codon usage was compared to host codon usage based on a collection of highly expressed genes in IBV target and nontarget tissues. Results The results obtained demonstrated a significant difference among structural, non-structural and accessory proteins, especially regarding dinucleotide composition, which appears under strong selective forces. In particular, some dinucleotide pairs, such as CpG, a probable target of the host innate immune response, are underrepresented in genes coding for pp1a, pp1ab, S and N. Although genome composition and dinucleotide bias appear to affect codon usage, additional selective forces may act directly on codon bias. Variability in relative synonymous codon usage and effective number of codons was found for different proteins, with structural proteins and polyproteins being more adapted to the codon bias of host target tissues. In contrast, accessory proteins had a more biased codon usage (i.e., lower number of preferred codons), which might contribute to the regulation of their expression level and timing throughout the cell cycle. Conclusions The present study confirms the existence of selective forces acting directly on the genome and not only indirectly through phenotype selection. This evidence might help understanding IBV biology and in developing attenuated strains without affecting the protein phenotype and therefore immunogenicity.

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