Packaging and performance of an ultra-fast 1/spl times/4 optical switch

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Zuo ◽  
B. Bahamin ◽  
P. Langlois ◽  
V. Aimez ◽  
D.V. Plant
Keyword(s):  
Optical Switch ◽  
And Performance

scholarly journals Design and performance of the beamlet optical switch

1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
M A Rhodes ◽  
B W Woods ◽  
J J DeYoreo
Keyword(s):  
Optical Switch ◽  
And Performance

Design and performance of a versatile holographic liquid-crystal wavelength-selective optical switch

2003 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 2405-2411 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Fracasso ◽  
J.L. de Bougrenet de la Tocnaye ◽  
M. Razzak ◽  
C. Uche
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Crystal ◽  
Optical Switch ◽  
And Performance

scholarly journals Finite/Infinite Queueing Models Performance Analysis in Optical Switching Network Nodes

2019 ◽  
pp. 163-170
Keyword(s):  
Performance Analysis ◽  
Optical Switching ◽  
Optical Switch ◽  
Main Tool ◽  
Switching Network ◽  
Queueing Models ◽  
Switching Networks ◽  
Network Nodes ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Optical Switching Networks

In optical switching networks, optical information (packets/bursts) that are forwarded from an optical switch to another through the network could entering a queue of a certain length in each node and may be waiting inside this node before it will be transmitted to the next node. Various queueing models have been widely applied as the main tool in optical switching networks for modeling and performance evaluation analysis of the switching nodes. In this paper, studying the performance analysis of an optical switching node is discussed at Finite and Infinite queueing models to have the optimum queueing model for optical core node switch design. The waiting delay time, the average expected number of optical packets and the loss probability of packets in the optical switch are estimated at variable traffic loads and different wavelength channels.

QKD NETWORKS WITH PASSIVE OPTICAL ELEMENTS: ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT

2009 ◽  
Vol 07 (06) ◽  
pp. 1217-1231
Author(s):  
HAO WEN ◽  
ZHENG-FU HAN ◽  
GUANG-CAN GUO ◽  
PEI-LIN HONG
Keyword(s):  
Secure Communication ◽  
Evaluation Method ◽  
Optical Switch ◽  
Optimal Solution ◽  
Network Connectivity ◽  
Optical Elements ◽  
Optical Device ◽  
Network Bandwidth ◽  
Network Cost ◽  
And Performance

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) networks are the trends toward multiple users' unconditional secure communication. Based on several passive optical devices, such as beam splitter, optical switch or wavelength divided multiplexer, various types of fiber-based QKD networks have been proposed. However, it is still hard to accurately assess these networks. To find the optimal solution, a general assessment that would not involve detailed schemes is quite necessary. In this paper, we introduce an evaluation method and analyze optical-device-based QKD networks including two rational aspects: (i) network connectivity and network bandwidth which reflect the network's flexibility and performance in theory; (ii) network cost that brings pragmatic restriction on the network construction in practice. Applying this model, we compare five typical types of optical-device-based QKD networks. The explicit results demonstrate the above networks' characteristics and some valuable conclusions.

Transmission Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Analysis with the Siemens ELMISKOP 101

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 450-451
Author(s):  
H. M. Thieringer
Keyword(s):  
Objective Lens ◽  
Transmission Microscopy ◽  
Image Recording ◽  
Mode Of Operation ◽  
Scanning Transmission ◽  
Electron Microscopes ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Convergent Beam ◽  
Ray Path ◽  
Beam Diffraction

It has repeatedly been show that with conventional electron microscopes very fine electron probes can be produced, therefore allowing various micro-techniques such as micro recording, X-ray microanalysis and convergent beam diffraction. In this paper the function and performance of an SIEMENS ELMISKOP 101 used as a scanning transmission microscope (STEM) is described. This mode of operation has some advantages over the conventional transmission microscopy (CTEM) especially for the observation of thick specimen, in spite of somewhat longer image recording times.Fig.1 shows schematically the ray path and the additional electronics of an ELMISKOP 101 working as a STEM. With a point-cathode, and using condensor I and the objective lens as a demagnifying system, an electron probe with a half-width ob about 25 Å and a typical current of 5.10-11 amp at 100 kV can be obtained in the back focal plane of the objective lens.

Angular Resolved Electron Spectroscopy with Parallel Recording

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 370-371
Author(s):  
Huang Min ◽  
P.S. Flora ◽  
C.J. Harland ◽  
J.A. Venables
Keyword(s):  
Electron Spectroscopy ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Solid Angle ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Voltage Electron ◽  
Cylindrical Mirror ◽  
Inner Radius ◽  
Channel Plate ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Type Detector

A cylindrical mirror analyser (CMA) has been built with a parallel recording detection system. It is being used for angular resolved electron spectroscopy (ARES) within a SEM. The CMA has been optimised for imaging applications; the inner cylinder contains a magnetically focused and scanned, 30kV, SEM electron-optical column. The CMA has a large inner radius (50.8mm) and a large collection solid angle (Ω > 1sterad). An energy resolution (ΔE/E) of 1-2% has been achieved. The design and performance of the combination SEM/CMA instrument has been described previously and the CMA and detector system has been used for low voltage electron spectroscopy. Here we discuss the use of the CMA for ARES and present some preliminary results.The CMA has been designed for an axis-to-ring focus and uses an annular type detector. This detector consists of a channel-plate/YAG/mirror assembly which is optically coupled to either a photomultiplier for spectroscopy or a TV camera for parallel detection.

Novel epoxy/anhydride alternatives for biological electron microscopy: Physical and performance characteristis of embed 812 and LX 112 in combination with NSA/NMA/DMAE

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 1000-1001
Author(s):  
Joe A. Mascorro ◽  
Gerald S. Kirby
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Succinic Anhydride ◽  
Volume Flow Rate ◽  
Mass Density ◽  
Uranyl Acetate ◽  
Volume Flow ◽  
Base Resin ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Acid Anhydrides

Embedding media based upon an epoxy resin of choice and the acid anhydrides dodecenyl succinic anhydride (DDSA), nadic methyl anhydride (NMA), and catalyzed by the tertiary amine 2,4,6-Tri(dimethylaminomethyl) phenol (DMP-30) are widely used in biological electron microscopy. These media possess a viscosity character that can impair tissue infiltration, particularly if original Epon 812 is utilized as the base resin. Other resins that are considerably less viscous than Epon 812 now are available as replacements. Likewise, nonenyl succinic anhydride (NSA) and dimethylaminoethanol (DMAE) are more fluid than their counterparts DDSA and DMP- 30 commonly used in earlier formulations. This work utilizes novel epoxy and anhydride combinations in order to produce embedding media with desirable flow rate and viscosity parameters that, in turn, would allow the medium to optimally infiltrate tissues. Specifically, embeding media based on EmBed 812 or LX 112 with NSA (in place of DDSA) and DMAE (replacing DMP-30), with NMA remaining constant, are formulated and offered as alternatives for routine biological work.Individual epoxy resins (Table I) or complete embedding media (Tables II-III) were tested for flow rate and viscosity. The novel media were further examined for their ability to infilftrate tissues, polymerize, sectioning and staining character, as well as strength and stability to the electron beam and column vacuum. For physical comparisons, a volume (9 ml) of either resin or media was aspirated into a capillary viscocimeter oriented vertically. The material was then allowed to flow out freely under the influence of gravity and the flow time necessary for the volume to exit was recored (Col B,C; Tables). In addition, the volume flow rate (ml flowing/second; Col D, Tables) was measured. Viscosity (n) could then be determined by using the Hagen-Poiseville relation for laminar flow, n = c.p/Q, where c = a geometric constant from an instrument calibration with water, p = mass density, and Q = volume flow rate. Mass weight and density of the materials were determined as well (Col F,G; Tables). Infiltration schedules utilized were short (1/2 hr 1:1, 3 hrs full resin), intermediate (1/2 hr 1:1, 6 hrs full resin) , or long (1/2 hr 1:1, 6 hrs full resin) in total time. Polymerization schedules ranging from 15 hrs (overnight) through 24, 36, or 48 hrs were tested. Sections demonstrating gold interference colors were collected on unsupported 200- 300 mesh grids and stained sequentially with uranyl acetate and lead citrate.

Trace nanoanalysis

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 940-941
Author(s):  
D. E. Newbury ◽  
R. D. Leapman
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Detection Efficiency ◽  
Volume Element ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Trace Constituents ◽  
Secondary Ion ◽  
Concentration Levels ◽  
Structure Properties

Trace constituents, which can be very loosely defined as those present at concentration levels below 1 percent, often exert influence on structure, properties, and performance far greater than what might be estimated from their proportion alone. Defining the role of trace constituents in the microstructure, or indeed even determining their location, makes great demands on the available array of microanalytical tools. These demands become increasingly more challenging as the dimensions of the volume element to be probed become smaller. For example, a cubic volume element of silicon with an edge dimension of 1 micrometer contains approximately 5×1010 atoms. High performance secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) can be used to measure trace constituents to levels of hundreds of parts per billion from such a volume element (e. g., detection of at least 100 atoms to give 10% reproducibility with an overall detection efficiency of 1%, considering ionization, transmission, and counting).

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