Sensor location in water distribution networks to detect contamination events — A multiobjective approach based on NSGA-II

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Henggeler Antunes ◽  
Margarida Dolores
Keyword(s):  
Water Distribution ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Water Distribution Networks ◽  
Sensor Location ◽  
Nsga Ii ◽  
Multiobjective Approach ◽  
Contamination Events

A critical review of sensor location methods for contamination detection in water distribution networks

2014 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shweta Rathi ◽  
Rajesh Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Critical Review ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Water Distribution Networks ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Sensor Location ◽  
Sensor Network Design ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Location Methods ◽  
Contamination Events

Water distribution networks (WDNs) are vulnerable to various types of contamination events that may have impacts on human health and the environment. Therefore, there is a growing need to design an effective monitoring system. Due to the cost of both placing and maintaining the sensors, their numbers must be limited. This constraint makes the sensor deployment locations crucial in water monitoring systems. Several methodologies have been suggested in the past two decades by different researchers for placement of sensors in WDNs. These methodologies differ in many ways depending on the number of objectives, solution methodology, concentration level of contaminant considered, type of simulation, and so on. In this paper, various methodologies have been broadly classified based on the number of performance objectives as single and multi-objective sensor location problems. Some of the features of these methodologies are also mentioned to help understand the advantages of a particular method over other methods. A critical review of literature is presented. Some of the issues on which a consensus is being developed amongst researchers are discussed and recommendations are made with a view to suggest future research needs for sensor network design of large WDNs.

scholarly journals Optimal Water Quality Sensor Placement by Accounting for Possible Contamination Events in Water Distribution Networks

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 1999
Author(s):  
Malvin S. Marlim ◽  
Doosun Kang
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Sensor Placement ◽  
Pso Algorithm ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Fair Value ◽  
Water Distribution Networks ◽  
Optimization Approach ◽  
Protection Measure ◽  
Contamination Events

Contamination in water distribution networks (WDNs) can occur at any time and location. One protection measure in WDNs is the placement of water quality sensors (WQSs) to detect contamination and provide information for locating the potential contamination source. The placement of WQSs in WDNs must be optimally planned. Therefore, a robust sensor-placement strategy (SPS) is vital. The SPS should have clear objectives regarding what needs to be achieved by the sensor configuration. Here, the objectives of the SPS were set to cover the contamination event stages of detection, consumption, and source localization. As contamination events occur in any form of intrusion, at any location and time, the objectives had to be tested against many possible scenarios, and they needed to reach a fair value considering all scenarios. In this study, the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm was selected as the optimizer. The SPS was further reinforced using a databasing method to improve its computational efficiency. The performance of the proposed method was examined by comparing it with a benchmark SPS example and applying it to DMA-sized, real WDNs. The proposed optimization approach improved the overall fitness of the configuration by 23.1% and showed a stable placement behavior with the increase in sensors.

scholarly journals Use of Energy-Based Domain Knowledge as Feedback to Evolutionary Algorithms for the Optimization of Water Distribution Networks

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 3101
Author(s):  
Diego Páez ◽  
Camilo Salcedo ◽  
Alexander Garzón ◽  
María Alejandra González ◽  
Juan Saldarriaga
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Algorithms ◽  
Evolutionary Algorithm ◽  
Domain Knowledge ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Water Distribution Networks ◽  
Nsga Ii ◽  
Acceptable Solution ◽  
Capital Costs ◽  
Periodic Feedback

The optimization of water distribution networks (WDN) has evolved, requiring approaches that seek to reduce capital costs and maximize the reliability of the system simultaneously. Hence, several evolutionary algorithms, such as the non-dominated sorting-based multi-objective evolutionary algorithm (NSGA-II), have been widely used despite the high computational costs required to achieve an acceptable solution. Alternatively, energy-based methods have been used to reach near-optimal solutions with reduced computational requirements. This paper presents a method to combine the domain knowledge given by energy-based methods with an evolutionary algorithm, in a way that improves the convergence rate and reduces the overall computational requirements to find near-optimal Pareto fronts (PFs). This method is divided into three steps: parameters calibration, preprocessing of the optimal power use surface (OPUS) results, and periodic feedback using OPUS in NSGA II. The method was tested in four benchmark networks with different characteristics, seeking to minimize the costs of the WDN and maximizing its reliability. Then the results were compared with a generic implementation of NSGA-II, and the performance and quality of the solutions were evaluated using two metrics: hypervolume (HV) and modified inverted generational distance (IGD+). The results showed that the feedback procedure increases the efficiency of the algorithm, particularly the first time the algorithm is retrofitted.

scholarly journals Placing an ensemble of pressure sensors for leak detection in water distribution networks under measurement uncertainty

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ehsan Raei ◽  
M. Ehsan Shafiee ◽  
Mohammad Reza Nikoo ◽  
Emily Berglund
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Uncertainty ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Pressure ◽  
Pressure Sensors ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Water Distribution Networks ◽  
Nsga Ii ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract Large volumes of water are wasted through leakage in water distribution networks, and early detection of leakages is important to minimize lost water. Pressure sensors can be placed in a network to detect changes in pressure that indicate the presence of a new leak. This study presents a new approach for placing a set of pressure sensors by creating a list of candidate locations based on sensitivity to leaks that are simulated at all potential nodes in a network. The selection of a set of sensors is explored for two objectives, which are the minimization of the number of sensors and the time of detection. The non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) is used to explore trade-offs between these objectives. The effect of measurement uncertainty on the selection of sensor locations is explored by identifying alternative non-dominated fronts for different values for sensor error. The evolutionary algorithm-based approach is applied and demonstrated for the C-Town water network.

scholarly journals Impact of diffusion and dispersion of contaminants in water distribution networks modelling and monitoring

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefania Piazza ◽  
E. J. Mirjam Blokker ◽  
Gabriele Freni ◽  
Valeria Puleo ◽  
Mariacrocetta Sambito
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Quality Monitoring ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Water Distribution Networks ◽  
Optimization Approach ◽  
Monitoring Networks ◽  
Network Modelling ◽  
Nsga Ii

Abstract In recent years, there has been a need to seek adequate preventive measures to deal with contamination in water distribution networks that may be related to the accidental contamination and the deliberate injection of toxic agents. Therefore, it is very important to create a sensor system that detects contamination events in real time, maintains the reliability and efficiency of measurements, and limits the cost of the instrumentation. To this aim, two problems have to be faced: practical difficulties connected to the experimental verification of the optimal sensor configuration efficiency on real operating systems and challenges related to the reliability of the network modelling approaches, which usually neglect the dispersion and diffusion phenomena. The present study applies a numerical optimization approach using the NSGA-II genetic algorithm that was coupled with a new diffusive-dispersive hydraulic simulator. The results are compared with those of an experimental campaign on a laboratory network (Enna, Italy) equipped with a real-time water quality monitoring system and those of a full-scale real distribution network (Zandvoort, Netherlands). The results showed the importance of diffusive processes when flow velocity in the network is low. Neglecting diffusion can negatively influence the water quality sensor positioning, leading to inefficient monitoring networks.

scholarly journals Contribution of parallel NSGA-II in optimal design of water distribution networks

2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 310-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandro Artina ◽  
Cristiana Bragalli ◽  
Giovanni Erbacci ◽  
Angela Marchi ◽  
Marzia Rivi
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Design ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Heuristic Algorithms ◽  
Computing Time ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Global Model ◽  
Water Distribution Networks ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Nsga Ii ◽  
Time Required

Optimization of water distribution networks is a NP-hard problem that researchers have tried to deal with using different formulations and algorithmic approaches. Among these, multi-objective heuristic algorithms are interesting because of their capacity for dealing with separate objectives that allow us to choose a posteriori the best compromise, but one of their main drawbacks is the long time required to obtain good solutions. Parallel processing is the most promising way to reduce the computing time and can make the convergence to adequate solutions faster. This paper intends to investigate the possibility of improving the efficacy and efficiency of an NSGA-II algorithm by parallelization of the optimization process at the same time. Results of different parallel implementations of NSGA-II applied to optimal design of small- and medium-size water distribution networks are presented. Good speed-up can be reached with a global model, hence improving the algorithm efficiency. Unlike the global model, the island model (or the hierarchical parallelization) can also improve its efficacy because it introduces fundamental changes in the algorithm exploration method. Possibilities offered by parallel island models have been investigated showing that some parameter configurations can find better solutions compared with the serial version of the algorithm.

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