Global regulation of null-controllable input-saturated systems with arbitrary l/sub 2/ state disturbances

As the critical sanctions against Iran’s nuclear program demonstrate, the implementation of sanctions against nuclear proliferators has led to the creation of a global system of surveillance of the financial dealings of all states, banks, and individuals, fostered by United Nations Security Council resolutions—a new and unprecedented development. This chapter asks: Which actors have been in charge of designing and implementing sanctions against nuclear proliferators? Which legal technologies have they developed to regulate global financial transactions? Answering these questions generates a better understanding of key processes in global governance: the increasing role of the Security Council as a global legislator; the “financialization” of global regulation, with the increasing role played by international and US domestic financial institutions that were historically foreign to the field of nuclear nonproliferation; and the judicialization of the enforcement of sanctions, which is accompanied by the multiplication of secondary sanctions against sanctions-evaders.

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Regulation of Bacillus subtilis aprE Expression by glnA through Inhibition of scoC and σD-Dependent degR Expression

Journal of Bacteriology ◽

10.1128/jb.00049-09 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 191 (9) ◽

pp. 3050-3058 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Sadanobu Abe ◽

Ayako Yasumura ◽

Teruo Tanaka

Keyword(s):

Bacillus Subtilis ◽

Glutamine Synthetase ◽

Alkaline Protease ◽

Negative Regulator ◽

Negative Regulators ◽

Global Regulation ◽

Positive Regulation ◽

Expression Levels ◽

Negative Effect ◽

Positive Effect

ABSTRACT Expression of the gene for the extracellular alkaline protease (aprE) of Bacillus subtilis is subject to regulation by many positive and negative regulators. We have found that aprE expression was increased by disruption of the glutamine synthetase gene glnA. The increase in aprE expression was attributed to a decreased in expression of scoC, which encodes a negative regulator of aprE expression. The glnA effect on scoC expression was abolished by further disruption of tnrA, indicating that aprE expression is under global regulation through TnrA. In the scoC background, however, aprE expression was decreased by glnA deletion, and it was shown that the decrease was due to a defect in positive regulation by DegU. Among the genes that affect aprE expression through DegU, the expression of degR, encoding a protein that stabilizes phosphorylated DegU, was inhibited by glnA deletion. It was further shown that the decrease in degR expression by glnA deletion was caused by inhibition of the expression of sigD, encoding the σD factor, which is required for degR expression. In accordance with these findings, the expression levels of aprE-lacZ in glnA scoC degR and scoC degR strains were identical. These results led us to conclude that glnA deletion brings about two effects on aprE expression, i.e., a positive effect through inhibition of scoC expression and a negative effect through inhibition of degR expression, with the former predominating over the latter.

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