scholarly journals The Application of Machine Learning in Self-Adaptive Systems: A Systematic Literature Review

IEEE Access ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 205948-205967
Author(s):  
Theresia Ratih Dewi Saputri ◽  
Seok-Won Lee
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Systematic Literature Review ◽  
Adaptive Systems ◽  
Self Adaptive

scholarly journals Applying Machine Learning in Self-adaptive Systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-37
Author(s):  
Omid Gheibi ◽  
Danny Weyns ◽  
Federico Quin
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Systematic Literature Review ◽  
Adaptive Systems ◽  
Machine Learning Techniques ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Large Sets ◽  
Learning Techniques ◽  
Self Adaptation ◽  
Self Adaptive

Recently, we have been witnessing a rapid increase in the use of machine learning techniques in self-adaptive systems. Machine learning has been used for a variety of reasons, ranging from learning a model of the environment of a system during operation to filtering large sets of possible configurations before analyzing them. While a body of work on the use of machine learning in self-adaptive systems exists, there is currently no systematic overview of this area. Such an overview is important for researchers to understand the state of the art and direct future research efforts. This article reports the results of a systematic literature review that aims at providing such an overview. We focus on self-adaptive systems that are based on a traditional Monitor-Analyze-Plan-Execute (MAPE)-based feedback loop. The research questions are centered on the problems that motivate the use of machine learning in self-adaptive systems, the key engineering aspects of learning in self-adaptation, and open challenges in this area. The search resulted in 6,709 papers, of which 109 were retained for data collection. Analysis of the collected data shows that machine learning is mostly used for updating adaptation rules and policies to improve system qualities, and managing resources to better balance qualities and resources. These problems are primarily solved using supervised and interactive learning with classification, regression, and reinforcement learning as the dominant methods. Surprisingly, unsupervised learning that naturally fits automation is only applied in a small number of studies. Key open challenges in this area include the performance of learning, managing the effects of learning, and dealing with more complex types of goals. From the insights derived from this systematic literature review, we outline an initial design process for applying machine learning in self-adaptive systems that are based on MAPE feedback loops.

scholarly journals Concepts and Models of Environment in Self-Adaptive Systems: A Systematic Literature Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong-Jun Shin ◽  
Joon-Young Bae ◽  
Doo-Hwan Bae
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Systematic Literature Review ◽  
Adaptive Systems ◽  
Research Community ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Runtime Environment ◽  
Important Concern ◽  
Runtime Environments ◽  
Self Adaptive

The runtime environment is an important concern for self-adaptive systems (SASs). Although researchers have proposed many approaches for developing SASs that address the issue of uncertain runtime environments, the understanding of these environments varies depending on the objectives, perspectives, and assumptions of the research. Thus, the current understanding of the environment in SAS development is ambiguous and abstract. To make this understanding more concrete, we describe the landscape in this area through a systematic literature review (SLR). We examined 128 primary studies and 14 unique environment models. We investigated concepts of the environment depicted in the primary studies and the proposed environment models based on their ability to aid in understanding. This illustrates the characteristics of the SAS environment, the associated emerging environmental uncertainties, and what is expressed in the existing environment models. This paper makes explicit the implicit understanding about the environment made by the SAS research community and organizes and visualizes them.

scholarly journals Federated Learning in a Medical Context: A Systematic Literature Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-31
Author(s):  
Bjarne Pfitzner ◽  
Nico Steckhan ◽  
Bert Arnrich
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Systematic Literature Review ◽  
Data Privacy ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Learning Models ◽  
Related Data ◽  
Private Data ◽  
Large Databases ◽  
Machine Learning Models

Data privacy is a very important issue. Especially in fields like medicine, it is paramount to abide by the existing privacy regulations to preserve patients’ anonymity. However, data is required for research and training machine learning models that could help gain insight into complex correlations or personalised treatments that may otherwise stay undiscovered. Those models generally scale with the amount of data available, but the current situation often prohibits building large databases across sites. So it would be beneficial to be able to combine similar or related data from different sites all over the world while still preserving data privacy. Federated learning has been proposed as a solution for this, because it relies on the sharing of machine learning models, instead of the raw data itself. That means private data never leaves the site or device it was collected on. Federated learning is an emerging research area, and many domains have been identified for the application of those methods. This systematic literature review provides an extensive look at the concept of and research into federated learning and its applicability for confidential healthcare datasets.

Data Mining-based Financial Statement Fraud Detection: Systematic Literature Review and Meta-analysis to Estimate Data Sample Mapping of Fraudulent Companies Against Non-fraudulent Companies

2021 ◽  
pp. 097215092098485
Author(s):  
Sonika Gupta ◽  
Sushil Kumar Mehta
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Data Mining ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Systematic Literature Review ◽  
Classification Accuracy ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Financial Statement ◽  
Research Articles ◽  
Financial Statement Fraud ◽  
Data Mining Techniques

Data mining techniques have proven quite effective not only in detecting financial statement frauds but also in discovering other financial crimes, such as credit card frauds, loan and security frauds, corporate frauds, bank and insurance frauds, etc. Classification of data mining techniques, in recent years, has been accepted as one of the most credible methodologies for the detection of symptoms of financial statement frauds through scanning the published financial statements of companies. The retrieved literature that has used data mining classification techniques can be broadly categorized on the basis of the type of technique applied, as statistical techniques and machine learning techniques. The biggest challenge in executing the classification process using data mining techniques lies in collecting the data sample of fraudulent companies and mapping the sample of fraudulent companies against non-fraudulent companies. In this article, a systematic literature review (SLR) of studies from the area of financial statement fraud detection has been conducted. The review has considered research articles published between 1995 and 2020. Further, a meta-analysis has been performed to establish the effect of data sample mapping of fraudulent companies against non-fraudulent companies on the classification methods through comparing the overall classification accuracy reported in the literature. The retrieved literature indicates that a fraudulent sample can either be equally paired with non-fraudulent sample (1:1 data mapping) or be unequally mapped using 1:many ratio to increase the sample size proportionally. Based on the meta-analysis of the research articles, it can be concluded that machine learning approaches, in comparison to statistical approaches, can achieve better classification accuracy, particularly when the availability of sample data is low. High classification accuracy can be obtained with even a 1:1 mapping data set using machine learning classification approaches.

scholarly journals Systematic literature review of machine learning methods used in the analysis of real-world data for patient-provider decision making

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Brnabic ◽  
Lisa M. Hess
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Systematic Literature Review ◽  
Real World ◽  
Learning Algorithms ◽  
External Validation ◽  
Machine Learning Algorithms ◽  
Learning Methods ◽  
Machine Learning Methods

Abstract Background Machine learning is a broad term encompassing a number of methods that allow the investigator to learn from the data. These methods may permit large real-world databases to be more rapidly translated to applications to inform patient-provider decision making. Methods This systematic literature review was conducted to identify published observational research of employed machine learning to inform decision making at the patient-provider level. The search strategy was implemented and studies meeting eligibility criteria were evaluated by two independent reviewers. Relevant data related to study design, statistical methods and strengths and limitations were identified; study quality was assessed using a modified version of the Luo checklist. Results A total of 34 publications from January 2014 to September 2020 were identified and evaluated for this review. There were diverse methods, statistical packages and approaches used across identified studies. The most common methods included decision tree and random forest approaches. Most studies applied internal validation but only two conducted external validation. Most studies utilized one algorithm, and only eight studies applied multiple machine learning algorithms to the data. Seven items on the Luo checklist failed to be met by more than 50% of published studies. Conclusions A wide variety of approaches, algorithms, statistical software, and validation strategies were employed in the application of machine learning methods to inform patient-provider decision making. There is a need to ensure that multiple machine learning approaches are used, the model selection strategy is clearly defined, and both internal and external validation are necessary to be sure that decisions for patient care are being made with the highest quality evidence. Future work should routinely employ ensemble methods incorporating multiple machine learning algorithms.

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