Modelling and control of eye-movement with musculotendon dynamics

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.D. Polpitiya ◽  
B.K. Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
And Control

Control and Sense of Eye Movement behind Closed Eyelids

Perception ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jüri Allik ◽  
Marika Rauk ◽  
Aavo Luuk
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Position Sense ◽  
Poor Control ◽  
Gaze Stabilization ◽  
Eyelid Closure ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Available Information ◽  
And Control ◽  
Human Eyes

To investigate the question of what happens with regard to position sense and control of the human eyes when the eyelids are closed, the contact-wire-free electromagnetic eye movement recording method was developed. It was shown that after the start of blinking or eyelid closure, the eyball moves up as the upper eyelids come down. Experimental data show human inability to maintain a given position of the eyes in the head under the closed eyelids. When the subject was asked to follow a simple geometrical path, a very weak metrical and topological correspondence between desired and actual paths occurred with closed eyes. It is proposed that the poor control of eye movements behind closed eyelids is due to the lack of available information about eye position in the head. The assumption was confirmed by providing artificial auditory feedback about eyeball position to the subject, which can be effectively used for gaze stabilization by the subject. It is suggested that visual information is the only useful basis for eye movement regulation under normal conditions.

MODELING AND CONTROL OF 3D EYE MOVEMENT WITH MUSCULOTENDON DYNAMICS

2002 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashoka D. Polpitiya ◽  
Bijoy K. Ghosh ◽  
Clyde F. Martin ◽  
Lawrence Schovanec
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Modeling And Control ◽  
And Control

Differences in eye-movement patterns between anorexic and control observers when judging body size and attractiveness

2011 ◽  
Vol 102 (3) ◽  
pp. 340-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. R. George ◽  
P. L. Cornelissen ◽  
P. J. B. Hancock ◽  
V. V. Kiviniemi ◽  
M. J. Tovée
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Movement Patterns ◽  
And Control

scholarly journals Design, Sensing and Control of a Robotic Prosthetic Eye for Natural Eye Movement

2006 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Gu ◽  
M. Meng ◽  
A. Cook ◽  
P. X. Liu
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Failure Detection ◽  
Sensor Data ◽  
Generation Model ◽  
Movement Detection ◽  
Sensor Failure ◽  
And Control ◽  
Prosthetic Eye

Loss of an eye is a tragedy for a person, who may suffer psychologically and physically. This paper is concerned with the design, sensing and control of a robotic prosthetic eye that moves horizontally in synchronization with the movement of the natural eye. Two generations of robotic prosthetic eye models have been developed. The first generation model uses an external infrared sensor array mounted on the frame of a pair of eyeglasses to detect the natural eye movement and to feed the control system to drive the artificial eye to move with the natural eye. The second generation model removes the impractical usage of the eye glass frame and uses the human brain EOG (electro-ocular-graph) signal picked up by electrodes placed on the sides of a person's temple to carry out the same eye movement detection and control tasks as mentioned above. Theoretical issues on sensor failure detection and recovery, and signal processing techniques used in sensor data fusion, are studied using statistical methods and artificial neural network based techniques. In addition, practical control system design and implementation using micro-controllers are studied and implemented to carry out the natural eye movement detection and artificial robotic eye control tasks. Simulation and experimental studies are performed, and the results are included to demonstrate the effectiveness of the research project reported in this paper.

The Regulation of Sleep

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig Heller
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Sleep Regulation ◽  
Short Article ◽  
Feedback Information ◽  
State Changes ◽  
And Control

The words “regulation” and “control” have different meanings. A rich literature exists on the control mechanisms of sleep—the genomic, molecular, cellular, and circuit processes responsible for arousal state changes and characteristics. The regulation of sleep refers to functions and homeostatic maintenance of those functions. Much less is known about sleep regulation than sleep control, largely because functions of sleep are still unknown. Regulation requires information about the regulated variable that can be used as feedback information to achieve optimal levels. The circadian timing of sleep is regulated, and the feedback information is entraining stimuli such as the light–dark cycle. Sleep itself is homeostatically regulated, as evidenced by sleep deprivation experiments. Eletroenceophalography (EEG) slow-wave activity (SWA) is regulated, and it appears that adenosine is the major source of feedback information, and that fact indicates an energetic function for sleep. The last aspect of sleep regulation discussed in this short article is the non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep cycling. Evidence is discussed that supports the argument that NREM sleep is in a homeostatic relationship with wake, and REM sleep is in a homeostatic relationship with NREM sleep.

scholarly journals Design, sensing and control of a robotic prosthetic eye for natural eye movement

2006 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Gu ◽  
M. Meng ◽  
A. Cook ◽  
P. X. Liu
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
And Control ◽  
Prosthetic Eye

scholarly journals The Process of Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Sleep in the Qur'an: Neuroscience Perspective on the QS. Al-Kahfi 18.

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 329
Author(s):  
Raden Kurnia Kholiska ◽  
Afrizal Nur ◽  
Ridhoul Wahidi
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Data Interpretation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Scientific Concept ◽  
Sleep Cycle ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Eyes Open ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Right ◽  
And Control

This study aims to understand the scientific concept of sleep in the Qur'an by using data interpretation of QS. Al-Kahfi 18, which is collaborated with neuroscience. The phenomenon of sleep in the story of Ashabul Kahfi is found in QS Al-Kahfi 18. Classical scholars interpreted the verse especially in words aiqazhan wa hum ruqud, meaning that they slept even though many thought they were awake. This interpretation tends to be interpreted as a supernatural phenomenon, whereas in science, such events are paradoxical, which is a phenomenon of open eyes during sleep. This research is qualitative research by utilizing the interpretation of QS. Al-Kahfi 18 and has collaborated with neuroscience. The results of this study showed that the phenomenon of aiqazhan wa hum ruqud in QS Al-Kahfi 18 or between waking and sleeping in neuroscience perspective is a the process of REM (Rapid Eye Movement). Based on a neuroscience the word aiqazhan can be interpreted with the meaning of unsleeping in the phenomenon of rapid eye movement. That is loss of consciousness and control over the body so that it can move unnoticed. It is illustrated in the story of Ashabul Kahfi in QS. Al-Kahfi 18. They fall asleep hundreds of years in the cave, while their eyes open while asleep, and their bodies move to the right and the left. Anyone who sees it will think they are awake, whereas the phenomenon is the body's reaction to the rapid eye movement phase in the sleep cycle.

scholarly journals The Basolateral Amygdala Mediates the Role of Rapid Eye Movement Sleep in Integrating Fear Memory Responses

Life ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Mayumi Machida ◽  
Brook L. W. Sweeten ◽  
Austin M. Adkins ◽  
Laurie L. Wellman ◽  
Larry D. Sanford
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Basolateral Amygdala ◽  
Fear Memory ◽  
Oscillatory Activity ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep ◽  
Behavioral Stress ◽  
Immediate Recovery ◽  
And Control

The basolateral amygdala (BLA) mediates the effects of stress and fear on rapid eye movement sleep (REM) and on REM-related theta (θ) oscillatory activity in the electroencephalograph (EEG), which is implicated in fear memory consolidation. We used optogenetics to assess the potential role of BLA glutamate neurons (BLAGlu) in regulating behavioral, stress and sleep indices of fear memory, and their relationship to altered θ. An excitatory optogenetic construct targeting glutamatergic cells (AAV-CaMKIIα-hChR2-eYFP) was injected into the BLA of mice. Telemetry was used for real-time monitoring of EEG, activity, and body temperature to determine sleep states and stress-induced hyperthermia (SIH). For 3 h following shock training (ST: 20 footshocks, 0.5 mA, 0.5 s, 1 min interval), BLA was optogenetically stimulated only during REM (REM + L) or NREM (NREM + L). Mice were then re-exposed to the fear context at 24 h, 48 h, and 1 week after ST and assessed for behavior, SIH, sleep and θ activity. Control mice were infected with a construct without ChR2 (eYFP) and studied under the same conditions. REM + L significantly reduced freezing and facilitated immediate recovery of REM tested at 24 h and 48 h post-ST during contextual re-exposures, whereas NREM + L had no significant effect. REM + L significantly reduced post-ST REM-θ, but attenuated REM-θ reductions at 24 h compared to those found in NREM + L and control mice. Fear-conditioned SIH persisted regardless of treatment. The results demonstrate that BLAGlu activity during post-ST REM mediates the integration of behavioral and sleep indices of fear memory by processes that are associated with θ oscillations within the amygdalo-hippocampal pathway. They also demonstrate that fear memories can remain stressful (as indicated by SIH) even when fear conditioned behavior (freezing) and changes in sleep are attenuated.

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