A method for determining the minimum dimension of the steady-state equation of a switching network

2001 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 250-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Tourkhani ◽  
P. Viarouge
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
State Equation ◽  
Switching Network ◽  
Steady State Equation ◽  
Minimum Dimension

scholarly journals Bounded and positive solutions of discrete steady state equations

2000 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-136
Author(s):  
Sui Sun Cheng ◽  
Rigoberto Medina
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Positive Solutions ◽  
State Equation ◽  
Banach Contraction Principle ◽  
Contraction Principle ◽  
State Equations ◽  
Monotone Method ◽  
Steady State Equation ◽  
Banach Contraction ◽  
The Banach Contraction Principle

Existence of bounded and/or positive solutions of a discrete steady state equation are derived by means of the Banach contraction principle and also by a monotone method.

scholarly journals Steady-state equation of water vapor sorption for CaCl2-based chemical sorbents and its application

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Haiquan Zhang ◽  
Yanping Yuan ◽  
Qingrong Sun ◽  
Xiaoling Cao ◽  
Liangliang Sun
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Water Vapor ◽  
State Equation ◽  
Water Vapor Sorption ◽  
Vapor Sorption ◽  
Steady State Equation

Tracer methods underestimate short-term variations in urea production in humans

1998 ◽  
Vol 274 (3) ◽  
pp. E547-E553 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mazen J. Hamadeh ◽  
L. John Hoffer
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Production Rate ◽  
Infusion Rate ◽  
State Equation ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Steady State Equation ◽  
Urea Production ◽  
Tracer Methods ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Urea Infusion

Urea production rate (Ra) is commonly measured using a primed continuous tracer urea infusion, but the accuracy of this method has not been clearly established in humans. We used intravenous infusions of unlabeled urea to assess the accuracy of this technique in normal, postabsorptive men under the following four different conditions: 1) tracer [13C]urea was infused under basal conditions for 12 h (control); 2) tracer [13C]urea was infused for 12 h, and unlabeled urea was infused from hours 4 to 12 at a rate twofold greater than the endogenous Ra (“step” infusion); 3) tracer [13C]urea was infused for 12 h, and unlabeled urea was infused from hours 4 to 8 (“pulse” infusion); and 4) tracer [13C]urea was infused for 9 h, and unlabeled alanine was infused at a rate of 120 mg ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ h−1(1.35 mmol ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ h−1) from hours 4 to 9. Urea Ra was calculated using the isotopic steady-state equation (tracer infusion rate/tracer-to-tracee ratio), Steele’s non-steady-state equation, and urinary urea excretion corrected for changes in total body urea. For each subject, endogenous urea Ra was measured at hour 4 of the basal condition, and the sum of this rate plus exogenous urea input was considered as “true urea input.” Under control conditions, urea Ra at hour 4 was similar to that measured at hour 12. After 8-h step and 4-h pulse unlabeled urea infusions, Steele’s non-steady-state equation underestimated true urea input by 22% (step) and 33% (pulse), whereas the nonisotopic method underestimated true urea input by 28% (step) and 10% (pulse). Similar conclusions were derived from the alanine infusion. These results indicate that, although Steele’s non-steady-state equation and the nontracer method more accurately predict total urea Ra than the steady-state equation, they nevertheless seriously underestimate total urea Ra for as long as 8 h after a change in true urea Ra.

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