An introduction to cable television in the United States

IEEE LCS ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.S. Ciciora
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cable Television ◽  
The United States

scholarly journals Cable Television

Communication ◽  
2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan Mullen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Cable Television ◽  
The United States ◽  
Small Towns ◽  
Trade Association ◽  
Television System ◽  
Broadcast Television ◽  
Cable Industry ◽  
Technological Means

In the United States, cable television refers to both a category of televised entertainment and information programming and the technological means of delivering that programming. In existence for over a half century, cable television has gone through a number of transformations—with regard to its uses, content, industry structure, and regulatory framework. Cable, at first known as community antenna television or CATV, was begun in the late 1940s and early 1950s as a means of redistributing broadcast television signals to small towns that were either too far from the stations originating those signals to receive them over the air, using set-top or even rooftop antennas, or were blocked from receiving the signals by mountains or other obstructions. Local entrepreneurs built very tall receiving towers and relayed the signals gathered there to local “subscribers” via wire for a monthly fee. It was not long before the CATV entrepreneurs came together to form a trade association and to share innovations and know-how. In the decades since, the cable industry (as it became known in the late 1960s) has faced a shifting and uncertain government policy climate. At first, cable was perceived as a threat to the broadcast television industry, both because of its ability to bypass nearby signals to retransmit the signals of better funded stations from larger markets and because some broadcasters claimed that cable systems were unfairly making money from programming that they themselves had paid for the rights to air. By the early 1970s, most of these concerns had abated, and by that point some very utopian expectations had instead been placed on the cable industry—nothing short of making up for the perceived public service failures of the commercial broadcast television system. This was known as the “blue sky” era. What actually emerged, during the late 1970s and early 1980s, were a number of satellite-delivered cable programming networks. These have not exactly addressed the utopian dreams of blue sky. However they eventually came to represent a range of programming niches that generally adhere to established broadcast program genres, which is not surprising given that they generally follow the same commercial imperatives as broadcast television. What is now known as cable television has the appeal to reach many more US households than it once did, even while still serving its initial retransmission function. These days cable itself competes with some very similar multichannel delivery technologies, including direct broadcast satellite, IPTV (high-speed Internet), and others. While these technologies, including cable itself, now are available globally, their existence is due to a range of political, economic, and cultural circumstances—most differing from those that allowed cable television to develop as it did in the United States (and in a somewhat different way in Canada).

Correlative microscopy in distrubuted (client/server) computing environments: tools for catalyzing the rapid dissemination of information about the cell biology of the human prostate

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 682-683
Author(s):  
A. Hakam ◽  
J.T. Gau ◽  
M.L. Grove ◽  
B.A. Evans ◽  
M. Shuman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Tissue Bank ◽  
The United States ◽  
Prostate Adenocarcinoma ◽  
Correlative Microscopy ◽  
Client Server ◽  
Critical Elements ◽  
Transplant Organ

Prostate adenocarcinoma is the most common malignant tumor of men in the United States and is the third leading cause of death in men. Despite attempts at early detection, there will be 244,000 new cases and 44,000 deaths from the disease in the United States in 1995. Therapeutic progress against this disease is hindered by an incomplete understanding of prostate epithelial cell biology, the availability of human tissues for in vitro experimentation, slow dissemination of information between prostate cancer research teams and the increasing pressure to “ stretch” research dollars at the same time staff reductions are occurring.To meet these challenges, we have used the correlative microscopy (CM) and client/server (C/S) computing to increase productivity while decreasing costs. Critical elements of our program are as follows:1) Establishing the Western Pennsylvania Genitourinary (GU) Tissue Bank which includes >100 prostates from patients with prostate adenocarcinoma as well as >20 normal prostates from transplant organ donors.

Digital image acquisition, processing, and analysis in a polymer microscopy laboratory

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 454-455
Author(s):  
Vinod K. Berry ◽  
Xiao Zhang
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Image Analysis ◽  
Digital Image ◽  
Image Acquisition ◽  
Image Transmission ◽  
The United States ◽  
Quantitative Image Analysis ◽  
Quantitative Image

In recent years it became apparent that we needed to improve productivity and efficiency in the Microscopy Laboratories in GE Plastics. It was realized that digital image acquisition, archiving, processing, analysis, and transmission over a network would be the best way to achieve this goal. Also, the capabilities of quantitative image analysis, image transmission etc. available with this approach would help us to increase our efficiency. Although the advantages of digital image acquisition, processing, archiving, etc. have been described and are being practiced in many SEM, laboratories, they have not been generally applied in microscopy laboratories (TEM, Optical, SEM and others) and impact on increased productivity has not been yet exploited as well.In order to attain our objective we have acquired a SEMICAPS imaging workstation for each of the GE Plastic sites in the United States. We have integrated the workstation with the microscopes and their peripherals as shown in Figure 1.

Silence of the Land: On the Historical Irrelevance of Territory to Congressional Districting and Political Representation in the United States

2001 ◽  
Vol 15 (01) ◽  
pp. 53-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Rehfeld
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
House Of Representatives ◽  
Political Representation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Representative Government ◽  
Congressional District ◽  
Congressional Districts ◽  
Communities Of Interest

Every ten years, the United States “constructs” itself politically. On a decennial basis, U.S. Congressional districts are quite literally drawn, physically constructing political representation in the House of Representatives on the basis of where one lives. Why does the United States do it this way? What justifies domicile as the sole criteria of constituency construction? These are the questions raised in this article. Contrary to many contemporary understandings of representation at the founding, I argue that there were no principled reasons for using domicile as the method of organizing for political representation. Even in 1787, the Congressional district was expected to be far too large to map onto existing communities of interest. Instead, territory should be understood as forming a habit of mind for the founders, even while it was necessary to achieve other democratic aims of representative government.

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