scholarly journals High-Level Bottom-Up Cues for Top-Down Parsing of Facade Images

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Ok ◽  
Mateusz Kozinski ◽  
Renaud Marlet ◽  
Nikos Paragios
Keyword(s):  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
High Level

Orphan Implementations of Public Policy for Conflict-Oriented Issues

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 43-63
Author(s):  
Shulamith Gertel Groome
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Public Interest ◽  
Policy Process ◽  
Frame Of Reference ◽  
Limited Resources ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Field Level ◽  
High Level

This paper aims to broaden our understanding of public policy characterized by issues of non-consensus. The idea of flexible, independent administrative decision-making for a conflict-oriented policy-type is addressed in terms of chronological constructions of policy process. Distributions of limited resources are a source of public contention likely to draw ambiguous high-level policy decisions that lack practical administrative directives. Conflicting institutional, professional and stakeholder influences, at various levels of policy processes, illuminate circumstances fostering implementations incongruent with politically motivated macro-declarations. Yet, this does not necessarily represent failed policy. A reevaluation of administrative systems, by critical deconstruction of the dominant top-down discourse, provides a frame of reference for valid divergent implementations. A conceptual progression from field-level interpretation and adaptation of macro policy, initiatory orphan implementations emerge as policy itself. This revised bottom-up modality of the policy process implies a working balance of combined outputs, providing equitable outcome to serve largescale public interest.

scholarly journals Bottom-up Retinotopic Organization Supports Top-down Mental Imagery

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruey-Song Huang ◽  
Martin I. Sereno
Keyword(s):  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Retrosplenial Cortex ◽  
Wide Field ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Retinotopic Maps ◽  
Upper Visual Field ◽  
Retinotopic Organization ◽  
High Level

Finding a path between locations is a routine task in daily life. Mental navigation is often used to plan a route to a destination that is not visible from the current location. We first used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and surface-based averaging methods to find high-level brain regions involved in imagined navigation between locations in a building very familiar to each participant. This revealed a mental navigation network that includes the precuneus, retrosplenial cortex (RSC), parahippocampal place area (PPA), occipital place area (OPA), supplementary motor area (SMA), premotor cortex, and areas along the medial and anterior intraparietal sulcus. We then visualized retinotopic maps in the entire cortex using wide-field, natural scene stimuli in a separate set of fMRI experiments. This revealed five distinct visual streams or ‘fingers’ that extend anteriorly into middle temporal, superior parietal, medial parietal, retrosplenial and ventral occipitotemporal cortex. By using spherical morphing to overlap these two data sets, we showed that the mental navigation network primarily occupies areas that also contain retinotopic maps. Specifically, scene-selective regions RSC, PPA and OPA have a common emphasis on the far periphery of the upper visual field. These results suggest that bottom-up retinotopic organization may help to efficiently encode scene and location information in an eye-centered reference frame for top-down, internally generated mental navigation. This study pushes the border of visual cortex further anterior than was initially expected.

scholarly journals Bottom-Up Parser: Look-Ahead LR Parser

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 2406-2410
Keyword(s):  
Second Step ◽  
Minimization Algorithm ◽  
Machine Code ◽  
Top Down ◽  
State Problem ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Look Ahead ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Given ◽  
Lexical Analyzer

Compiler is used for the purpose of converting high level code to machine code. For doing this procedure we have six steps. On these steps the syntax analyses is the second step of compiler. The lexical analyzer produce token in the output. The tokens are used as input to syntax analyzer. Syntax analyzer performs parsing operation. The parsing can be used for deriving the string from the given grammar called as derivation. It depend upon how derivation will be performed either top down or bottom up. The bottom up parsers LR (Left-to-right), SLR (simple LR) has some conflicts. To remove these conflicts we use LALR (Look ahead LR parser). The conflicts are available if the state contains minimum two or more productions. If there is one shift operation in state and other one is reduce operation it means that shift-reduce operation at the same time. Then this state is called as inadequate state. This Inadequate state problem is solved in LALR parser. Other problem with other parsers is that they have more states as compared to LALR parser. So cost will be high. But in LALR parser minimum states used and cost will automatically be reduced. LALR is also called as Minimization algorithm of CLR (Canonical LR parser).

scholarly journals Bottom-up and top-down influences at untrained conditions determine perceptual learning specificity and transfer

eLife ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying-Zi Xiong ◽  
Jun-Yun Zhang ◽  
Cong Yu
Keyword(s):  
Perceptual Learning ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Transfer Condition ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Visual Neurons ◽  
Continuous Flash Suppression ◽  
Visual Areas ◽  
Suppression Technique ◽  
High Level ◽  
Additional Exposure

Perceptual learning is often orientation and location specific, which may indicate neuronal plasticity in early visual areas. However, learning specificity diminishes with additional exposure of the transfer orientation or location via irrelevant tasks, suggesting that the specificity is related to untrained conditions, likely because neurons representing untrained conditions are neither bottom-up stimulated nor top-down attended during training. To demonstrate these top-down and bottom-up contributions, we applied a “continuous flash suppression” technique to suppress the exposure stimulus into sub-consciousness, and with additional manipulations to achieve pure bottom-up stimulation or top-down attention with the transfer condition. We found that either bottom-up or top-down influences enabled significant transfer of orientation and Vernier discrimination learning. These results suggest that learning specificity may result from under-activations of untrained visual neurons due to insufficient bottom-up stimulation and/or top-down attention during training. High-level perceptual learning thus may not functionally connect to these neurons for learning transfer.

scholarly journals Combining bottom-up monitoring and top-down accountability: A field experiment on managing corruption in Uganda

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 205316802093435
Author(s):  
Mark T. Buntaine ◽  
Brigham Daniels
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Government Performance ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Public Projects ◽  
Citizen Monitoring ◽  
High Level

Citizen monitoring of government performance is often ineffective at improving performance, perhaps because information from monitoring does not make it far enough up in the chain of bureaucracy where the authority to punish public mismanagement rests. In a field experiment, we test whether delivering regular, officially certified reports derived from citizen monitoring and describing specific problems with the implementation of public projects to high-level bureaucrats charged with overseeing the projects improved their delivery. We do not find evidence that this treatment improved the delivery of public projects. Follow-up interviews revealed that the targeted officials seemed to avoid knowledge of the monitoring, perhaps to avoid taking on the responsibility that would come from such knowledge. However, the treatment also provided information to citizens about what they should expect from local governments, which instigated several direct complaints that the targeted officials did not ignore. Based on this alternative channel, which we did not anticipate, we conclude that citizen monitoring must be deployed in ways that make knowledge of problems undeniable for authorities who have a responsibility to address them.

scholarly journals Bottom-Up and Top-Down Processes in Emotion Generation

2009 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
pp. 1322-1331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin N. Ochsner ◽  
Rebecca R. Ray ◽  
Brent Hughes ◽  
Kateri McRae ◽  
Jeffrey C. Cooper ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Dysregulation ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Emotion Generation ◽  
High Level ◽  
Appraisal Processes ◽  
Affective Stimulus

Emotions are generally thought to arise through the interaction of bottom-up and top-down processes. However, prior work has not delineated their relative contributions. In a sample of 20 females, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to compare the neural correlates of negative emotions generated by the bottom-up perception of aversive images and by the top-down interpretation of neutral images as aversive. We found that (a) both types of responses activated the amygdala, although bottom-up responses did so more strongly; (b) bottom-up responses activated systems for attending to and encoding perceptual and affective stimulus properties, whereas top-down responses activated prefrontal regions that represent high-level cognitive interpretations; and (c) self-reported affect correlated with activity in the amygdala during bottom-up responding and with activity in the medial prefrontal cortex during top-down responding. These findings provide a neural foundation for emotion theories that posit multiple kinds of appraisal processes and help to clarify mechanisms underlying clinically relevant forms of emotion dysregulation.

scholarly journals Disentangling bottom-up versus top-down and low-level versus high-level influences on eye movements over time

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heiko H. Schütt ◽  
Lars O. M. Rothkegel ◽  
Hans A. Trukenbrod ◽  
Ralf Engbert ◽  
Felix A. Wichmann
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Level Versus ◽  
High Level ◽  
Over Time

scholarly journals Turning point the concept of rural development in Indonesia from top-down to bottom-up strategy

2021 ◽  
Vol 892 (1) ◽  
pp. 012079
Author(s):  
T Pranadji ◽  
Wahida ◽  
I S Anugrah
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Rural Development ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
World Market ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
High Level

Abstract The Asian financial crisis of 1997 followed by political turmoil in 1998 has not given a significant change to agriculture and rural development in Indonesia. Throughout history, Indonesia has implemented the development of the agriculture sector under a top-down strategy. The success of this approach is marked by the achievement of rice self-sufficiency in 1984. Moreover, since the mid 1990s, Indonesia has embarked on various economic reforms that led to globalization. The Indonesian economy has become more integrated into the global economy and world market. Unfortunately, these changes were not translated properly to rural areas as there were no transition time for rural communities to adjust their economic condition to these changes. The multiplier effect that was expected as a consequence of globalization within rural economic systems was faced with difficulties such as paternalistic structure led by the elites. As a result, rural areas experienced with income gap, weak agriculture development, corruption, social problems and poverty. Meta-analysis approach is used to examine the approach that has been used in implementing program and projects. Findings from the articles showed that there is a need to do the re-orientation to the approach and increased the independency at the farmer level. The idea to develop national agriculture and rural development strategies that is based on a bottom-up approach, followed by an agrarian reform, as well as the formation of social capital and redefinition of local autonomy are the recommendation that high level decision maker could consider.

scholarly journals Bottom-up and top-down computations in high-level visual cortex

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kendrick N. Kay ◽  
Jason D. Yeatman
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Intraparietal Sulcus ◽  
Neural Processing ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Cognitive Demands ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Stimulus Match ◽  
Ventral Temporal Cortex ◽  
High Level

SummaryThe ability to read a page of text or recognize a person’s face depends on category-selective visual regions in ventral temporal cortex (VTC). To understand how these regions mediate word and face recognition, it is necessary to characterize how stimuli are represented and how this representation is used in the execution of a cognitive task. Here, we show that the response of a category-selective region in VTC can be computed as the degree to which the low-level properties of the stimulus match a category template. Moreover, we show that during execution of a task, the bottom-up representation is scaled by the intraparietal sulcus (IPS), and that the level of IPS engagement reflects the cognitive demands of the task. These results provide a unifying account of neural processing in VTC in the form of a model that addresses both bottom-up and top-down effects and quantitatively predicts VTC responses.

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