The relationship between the backscattering coefficient and the biomass of narrow and broad leaf crops

2001 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 873-884 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Macelloni ◽  
S. Paloscia ◽  
P. Pampaloni ◽  
F. Marliani ◽  
M. Gai
Keyword(s):  
Backscattering Coefficient ◽  
Broad Leaf ◽  
The Relationship

Optical Effects of Large Particles

Ocean Optics ◽  
1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kendall L. Carder ◽  
David K. Costello
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Absorption Coefficient ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Light Field ◽  
Ocean Optics ◽  
Backscattering Coefficient ◽  
Model Inversion ◽  
Inherent Optical Properties ◽  
And Inversion ◽  
The Relationship

Two important problems facing the ocean optics research community in the coming decade concern optical model closure and inversion (see Chapter 3). We obtain model closure if we can describe the measured light environment by combining elementary measurements of the optical properties of the medium with radiative transfer theory. If we can accurately deduce the concentration of various constituents from a combination of measures of the submarine light field and inverse model calculations, we term this process model inversion. The most elementary measurements of the optical properties of the sea are those that are independent of the geometry of the light field, the inherent optical properties (Preisendorfer, 1961). Optical properties that are dependent on the geometry of the light field are termed apparent optical properties (AOP). Models of the submarine light field typically relate apparent optical properties to inherent optical properties (see Chapter 2). Examples include the relationship between the AOP irradiance reflectance R and a combination of inherent optical properties (backscattering coefficient bb and absorption coefficient a), and the relationship between the AOP downwelling diffuse attenuation coefficient kd and a combination of the absorption coefficient, backscattering coefficient, and downwelling average cosine μd (e.g., Gordon et al., 1975; Morel and Prieur, 1977; Smith and Baker, 1981; Morel, 1988; Kirk, 1984a). Under some circumstances these relationships work well enough that the absorption coefficient can be derived indirectly. This is important since measurement of the absorption coefficient by direct means has been difficult. Derived values for the absorption coefficient by model inversion methods are not easily verified by independent measurements, however, because of the difficulty of measuring the absorption coefficient. Model closure and model inversion both become more tenuous when the following phenomena are present: 1. Transpectral or inelastic scattering such as fluorescence (e.g., Gordon, 1979; Carder and Steward, 1985; Mitchell and Kiefer, 1988a; Spitzer and Dirks, 1985; Hawes and Carder, 1990) or water Raman scattering (Marshall and Smith, 1990; Stavn, 1990; Stavn and Weidemann, 1988a,b; Peacock et al, 1990; Chapter 12 this volume). 2. Particles that are large relative to the measurement volume for inherent optical property meters such as beam transmissometers, light-scattering photometers, fluorometers, and absorption meters.

scholarly journals THE PENETRATION EFFECTS ON TANDEM-X ELEVATION USING THE GNSS AND LASER ALTIMETRY MEASUREMENTS IN ANTARCTICA

2017 ◽  
Vol XLII-2/W7 ◽  
pp. 1593-1600 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Zhao ◽  
D. Floricioiu
Keyword(s):  
Penetration Depth ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Synthetic Aperture ◽  
Radar Signal ◽  
Backscattering Coefficient ◽  
Penetration Effect ◽  
X Band ◽  
Natural Terrain ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
The Relationship

Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) has been widely used in many different fields, such as geoscience, climate monitoring, security-related applications. However, over natural terrain the radar signal has the ability to penetrate the ground surface which can cause the bias in the elevation measurements. The aim of the paper is to assess the SAR signal penetration effect on the TanDEM-X absolute elevation over ice and snow covered areas and it presents the results concerning the X-band SAR signal penetration effect on dry snow areas and blue ice region. Additionally, the relationship between SAR signal penetration depth and backscattering coefficient is exploited and discussed. In this paper, two study sites, Schirmacher area and Recovery Ice Stream are selected and it is found that the general X-band SAR signal penetration depth is around 3–7 meter on dry snow area while no penetration depth is expected on the blue-ice region.

The relationship between tree species richness, canopy space exploration and productivity in a temperate broad-leaf mixed forest

2013 ◽  
Vol 310 ◽  
pp. 366-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominik Seidel ◽  
Christoph Leuschner ◽  
Christoph Scherber ◽  
Friderike Beyer ◽  
Tobias Wommelsdorf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Space Exploration ◽  
Mixed Forest ◽  
Tree Species Richness ◽  
Broad Leaf ◽  
The Relationship

FORMULAE FOR MAXIMUM ESCAPE DEPTH OF REDIFFUSED ELECTRONS AND BACKSCATTERING COEFFICIENT OF METAL FILMS

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (02) ◽  
pp. 1850047
Author(s):  
A. G. XIE ◽  
H. Y. LIU ◽  
Y. YU ◽  
Y. Q. XIA ◽  
T. Y. WAN
Keyword(s):  
Energy Range ◽  
Secondary Electron ◽  
Secondary Electron Emission ◽  
Metal Films ◽  
Primary Electron ◽  
Backscattering Coefficient ◽  
Escape Depth ◽  
Number Formula ◽  
Yield Formula ◽  
The Relationship

Based on the experimental maximum escape depth [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] of rediffused electrons from atomic number [Formula: see text] metal at incident energy of primary electron [Formula: see text], the relationship among [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] in the energy range of 9.3[Formula: see text]keV[Formula: see text]40[Formula: see text]keV was obtained and proved to be true by experimental data. According to the experimental results of rediffused electrons, the characteristics of secondary electron emission, relationships among parameters of rediffused electrons and the main processes of rediffused electrons emission, the formula for [Formula: see text] backscattering coefficient [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] of [Formula: see text] metal films with film thickness [Formula: see text] as a function of [Formula: see text], Z and was deduced, and the results were analyzed. It is concluded that the deduced formula for [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] can be used to calculate [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] in the energy range of 9.3[Formula: see text]keV[Formula: see text]40[Formula: see text]keV. The secondary electron yield [Formula: see text] from thin films are applied in more and more fields such as electronic information technology, accelerator and space flight, and [Formula: see text], Z, [Formula: see text] is an important parameter of [Formula: see text] from [Formula: see text] metal films. So deducing the formula for [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] in this study is necessary.

Interstellar gas in the central region of the Galaxy

1967 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 239-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. J. Kerr
Keyword(s):  
Central Region ◽  
Galactic Plane ◽  
Neutral Hydrogen ◽  
Continuum Emission ◽  
Galactic Centre ◽  
Interstellar Gas ◽  
Hydrogen Recombination ◽  
The Galaxy ◽  
Centre Region ◽  
The Relationship

A review is given of information on the galactic-centre region obtained from recent observations of the 21-cm line from neutral hydrogen, the 18-cm group of OH lines, a hydrogen recombination line at 6 cm wavelength, and the continuum emission from ionized hydrogen.Both inward and outward motions are important in this region, in addition to rotation. Several types of observation indicate the presence of material in features inclined to the galactic plane. The relationship between the H and OH concentrations is not yet clear, but a rough picture of the central region can be proposed.

The relationship of the scleractinian corals to the rugose corals

Paleobiology ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 6 (02) ◽  
pp. 146-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Critical Points ◽  
Scleractinian Corals ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Early Triassic ◽  
Rugose Corals ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Biologic Factors

The Mesozoic-Cenozoic coral Order Scleractinia has been suggested to have originated or evolved (1) by direct descent from the Paleozoic Order Rugosa or (2) by the development of a skeleton in members of one of the anemone groups that probably have existed throughout Phanerozoic time. In spite of much work on the subject, advocates of the direct descent hypothesis have failed to find convincing evidence of this relationship. Critical points are:(1) Rugosan septal insertion is serial; Scleractinian insertion is cyclic; no intermediate stages have been demonstrated. Apparent intermediates are Scleractinia having bilateral cyclic insertion or teratological Rugosa.(2) There is convincing evidence that the skeletons of many Rugosa were calcitic and none are known to be or to have been aragonitic. In contrast, the skeletons of all living Scleractinia are aragonitic and there is evidence that fossil Scleractinia were aragonitic also. The mineralogic difference is almost certainly due to intrinsic biologic factors.(3) No early Triassic corals of either group are known. This fact is not compelling (by itself) but is important in connection with points 1 and 2, because, given direct descent, both changes took place during this only stage in the history of the two groups in which there are no known corals.

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