Rectangular air jets of aspect ratio $2$ are studied at $Re=UD_{h}/\unicode[STIX]{x1D708}=17\,750$ using particle image velocimetry and hot-wire anemometry as they develop naturally or under acoustic forcing. The velocity spectra and the spatial theory of linear stability characterize the fundamental ($f_{n}$) and subharmonic ($f_{n}/2$) modes corresponding to the Kelvin–Helmholtz roll-up and vortex pairing, respectively. The rectangular cross-section of the jet deforms into elliptic/circular shapes downstream due to axis switching. Despite the apparent rotation of the vortex rings or the jet cross-section, the axis-switching phenomenon occurs due to reshaping into rounder geometries. By enhancing the vortex pairing, excitation at $f_{n}/2$ shortens the potential core, increases the jet spread rate and eliminates the overshoot typically observed in the centreline velocity fluctuations. Unlike circular jets, the skewness and kurtosis of the rectangular jets demonstrate elevated anisotropy/intermittency levels before the end of the potential core. The axis-switching location is found to be variable by the acoustic control of the relative expansion/contraction rates of the shear layers in the top (longer edge), side (shorter edge) and diagonal views. The self-induced vortex deformations are demonstrated by the spatio-temporal evolution of the phase-locked three-dimensional ring structures. The curvature-induced velocities are found to reshape the vortex ring by imposing nonlinear azimuthal perturbations occurring at shorter wavelengths with time/space evolution. Eventually, the multiple high-curvature/high-velocity regions merge into a single mode distribution. In the plane of the top view, the self-induced velocity distribution evolves symmetrically while the tilted ring results in the asymmetry of the azimuthal perturbations in the side view as the side closer to the acoustic source rolls up in more upstream locations.
Adaptability of Ultrasonic Lamb Wave Touchscreen to the Variations in Touch Force and Touch Area